Category:PKA3
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(Created page with "==Anthraquinones== Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of ''Cassia senna'' (senna), ''Rhamnus frangula'' (frangula bark), and ...") |
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They also occur in genera [[:Species:Rheum|Rheum]], [[:Species:Rumex|Rumex]], [[:Species:Polygonum|Polygonum]], and family [[:Category:Fabaceae|Fabaceae]] <ref>Thomson RH (1986) ''Naturally occurring Quinones III. Recent Advances'' Chapman & Hall</ref>. | They also occur in genera [[:Species:Rheum|Rheum]], [[:Species:Rumex|Rumex]], [[:Species:Polygonum|Polygonum]], and family [[:Category:Fabaceae|Fabaceae]] <ref>Thomson RH (1986) ''Naturally occurring Quinones III. Recent Advances'' Chapman & Hall</ref>. | ||
Their glycosidic form is pharmacologically inacitive, but is metabolized to its aglycon in the intestinal flora. | Their glycosidic form is pharmacologically inacitive, but is metabolized to its aglycon in the intestinal flora. | ||
| − | For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside. | + | For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside. For a senna laxative, the maximum daily value is 4 mg anthraquinones. |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Anthraquinone Contents in Vegetables and Herbs<ref name="Mueller">Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK (1999) "Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants" ''Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:481-491</ref> | |+ Anthraquinone Contents in Vegetables and Herbs<ref name="Mueller">Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK (1999) "Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants" ''Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:481-491</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! Species || Common Name || Sum of anthraquinones<br/> fresh (dry) | + | ! Species || Common Name || Sum of anthraquinones<br/> mg / kg fresh (dry) |
| − | ! Emodin<br/>fresh (dry) | + | ! Emodin<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry) |
| − | ! Chrysophanol<br/>fresh (dry) | + | ! Chrysophanol<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry) |
| − | ! Physcion<br/>fresh (dry) | + | ! Physcion<br/>mg / kg fresh (dry) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''[[Species: | + | | ''[[Species:Lactuca|Lactuca]] sativa var. capitata''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Latuca sativa". Also, one cultivar of the same species ("Iceberg salad") is shown to be unquantifiable for all anthraquinones.</ref> |
| Cabbage lettuce | | Cabbage lettuce | ||
| 0.06-5.9 (1.0-174) | | 0.06-5.9 (1.0-174) | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
| 0.2-0.4 | | 0.2-0.4 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''[[Species: | + | | ''[[Species:Triticum|Triticum]] repens''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Rhizoma graminis"</ref> |
| Couch grass root | | Couch grass root | ||
| 0.2-0.7 | | 0.2-0.7 | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
| 0.08-0.3 | | 0.08-0.3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''[[Species: | + | | ''[[Species:Plantago|Plantago]] lanceolatae''<ref>In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Plantagines lanceolatae"</ref> |
| Plantain herb | | Plantain herb | ||
| 0.4-0.7 | | 0.4-0.7 | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| ''[[Species:Fagopyrum|Fagopyrum]] esculentum'' | | ''[[Species:Fagopyrum|Fagopyrum]] esculentum'' | ||
| Buckwheat | | Buckwheat | ||
| − | | | + | |colspan="4"| ''not detected'' |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''[[Species:Artemisia|Aritemisia]] annua'' | ||
| + | | Wormwood | ||
| + | |colspan="4"| ''not quantifiable'' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''[[Species:Cichorium|Chichorium]] intybus'' var. ''folio'' | ||
| + | | Chicory and radicchio | ||
| + | |colspan="4"| ''not detected'' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''[[Species:Brassica|Brassica]] chinensis'' | ||
| + | | Chinese cabbage | ||
| + | |colspan="4"| ''not detected'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | From the above table, the conclusion is: | ||
| + | * Anthraquinone contents vary considerably batch-to-batch. | ||
| + | * Contents are chrysophanol > emodin > physcion. | ||
| + | * 100 g consumption of beans may cause laxative effect. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;References | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:25, 4 June 2011
[edit] Anthraquinones
Hydroxyanthraquinones are laxactive ingredients of Cassia senna (senna), Rhamnus frangula (frangula bark), and Aloe vera (aloe). They also occur in genera Rheum, Rumex, Polygonum, and family Fabaceae [1]. Their glycosidic form is pharmacologically inacitive, but is metabolized to its aglycon in the intestinal flora. For laxative drugs, the maximum daily intake is 30 mg anthraquinone glycoside. For a senna laxative, the maximum daily value is 4 mg anthraquinones.
| Species | Common Name | Sum of anthraquinones mg / kg fresh (dry) |
Emodin mg / kg fresh (dry) |
Chrysophanol mg / kg fresh (dry) |
Physcion mg / kg fresh (dry) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactuca sativa var. capitata[3] | Cabbage lettuce | 0.06-5.9 (1.0-174) | 0.02-0.03 (≤ 0.5) | 0.01-0.03 (≤ 0.5) | 0.03-5.8 (0.5-173) |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Beans | 0.05-36 (0.4-342) | 0.02-0.06 (0.2-0.7) | 0.02-3.5 (0.12-33) | 0.01-32 (0.1-308) |
| Pisum sativum | Garden peas | 0.04-3.6 (0.2-21) | 0.02-0.03 (0.1-0.2) | − | 0.02-3.6 (0.1-21) |
| Vitis vinifera | Grape vine leaves | 0.4-0.8 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.2-0.4 |
| Triticum repens[4] | Couch grass root | 0.2-0.7 | 0.06-0.2 | 0.05-0.2 | 0.08-0.3 |
| Plantago lanceolatae[5] | Plantain herb | 0.4-0.7 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.2-0.3 |
| Fagopyrum esculentum | Buckwheat | not detected | |||
| Aritemisia annua | Wormwood | not quantifiable | |||
| Chichorium intybus var. folio | Chicory and radicchio | not detected | |||
| Brassica chinensis | Chinese cabbage | not detected | |||
From the above table, the conclusion is:
- Anthraquinone contents vary considerably batch-to-batch.
- Contents are chrysophanol > emodin > physcion.
- 100 g consumption of beans may cause laxative effect.
- References
- ↑ Thomson RH (1986) Naturally occurring Quinones III. Recent Advances Chapman & Hall
- ↑ Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK (1999) "Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants" Food and Chemical Toxicology 37:481-491
- ↑ In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Latuca sativa". Also, one cultivar of the same species ("Iceberg salad") is shown to be unquantifiable for all anthraquinones.
- ↑ In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Rhizoma graminis"
- ↑ In the original literature by Mueller, it is mis-written as "Plantagines lanceolatae"
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