Category:FL

From Metabolomics.JP
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (→‎{{Bilingual|フラボノイドの概要|Class Overview}})
Line 174: Line 174:
 
--->
 
--->
  
−
=={{Bilingual|生合成|Biosynthesis}}==
+
{{Category:FL/Biosynthesis}}
−
 
+
−
{{Twocolumn
+
−
|Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups ([[:Category:FL1|chalcones]], [[:Category:FL2|flavanones]], [[:Category:FL3|flavones]], [[:Category:FL5|flavonols]], [[:Category:FL6|flavans]], and [[:Category:FL7|anthocyani(di)ns]]).  [[:Category:FL1|Aurones]]　or [[:Category:FLI|isoflavonoids]] are not ubiquitous.
+
−
|フラボノイドは全ての高等植物においてフェニルプロパノイド経路および酢酸－マロン酸経路の両方を用いて生成され （海草では異なる）、ほとんどの植物は6つの大きなグループ ([[:Category:FL1|カルコン]]、[[:Category:FL2|フラバノン]]、[[:Category:FL3|フラボン]]、[[:Category:FL5|フラボノール]]、[[:Category:FL6|フラバン]]、[[:Category:FL7|アントシアニ(ジ)ン]]） を含みます。しかし[[:Category:FL1|オーロン]]や[[:Category:FLI|イソフラボノイド]]は全ての植物に含まれるわけではありません。
+
−
}}
+
−
 
+
−
<!----一般にポリフェノール類は
+
−
# フェニルプロパノイド経路 から生合成されるもの　と
+
−
# 酢酸－マロン酸経路 から生合成されるもの
+
−
にわかれます。 たとえば, 1 では、クマリン, リグナン, リグニンなどが生合成され, 2 の酢酸－マロン酸経路では, アントラキノンが知られています。
+
−
フラボノイドは, 上記 2 つの, 脂肪酸フェニルプロパノイド経路と 酢酸-マロン酸パスウェイとの 組み合わせにより生合成されます。 同様のパスウェイから生成される産物には, キサントン, スチルベンなどがあります。
+
−
----->
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
{| style="text-align:center"
+
−
|-
+
−
| colspan="4"| 4-coumaroyl CoA + malonyl CoA
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]CHS
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:gold"| [[Image:fl1.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL1|''CHALCONES, AURONES'']]
+
−
| style="background:gold"| [[FL1CAANS0001|chalconaringenin]]<br/>[[Image:FL1CAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:palegoldenrod"| [[Image:fl3.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL2|''FLAVONES'']]
+
−
| colspan="2" style="background:palegoldenrod" | [[FL3FAANS0001|apigenin]]<br/>[[Image:FL3FAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| colspan="2" style="background:palegoldenrod" | [[FL3FACNS0001|luteolin]]<br/>[[Image:FL3FACNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
| CHI [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] <small>(isomerase)</small>
+
−
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]]FS <small>(oxygenase)</small>
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="text-align:right"|<br/>IFS [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]]
+
−
| style="background:pink"| [[FL2FAANS0001|naringenin]]<br/> [[Image:fl2.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL2|''FLAVANONE'']]
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FAANS0001|kaempferol]]<br/>[[Image:FL5FAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="background:yellowgreen" colspan="3" | [[Image:fl5.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL5|''FLAVONOLS'']]
+
−
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FACNS0001|quercetin]]<br/>[[Image:FL5FACNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:yellowgreen"| [[FL5FAGNS0001|myricetin]]<br/>[[Image:FL5FAGNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:navajowhite"| [[Image:fli.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FLI|''ISO-FLAVONES'']]
+
−
| F3H [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] <small>(hydroxylase)</small>
+
−
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS <small>(oxygenase)</small>
+
−
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS
+
−
|
+
−
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Arrow00ur35.png]] FLS   
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:plum"| [[Image:fl4.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL4|''DIHYDRO FLAVONOLS'']]
+
−
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DAANS0001|dihydro-kaempferol]]<br/>[[Image:FL4DAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| colspan="3"| F3'H<br/>[[Image:Arrow00r100.png]]<br/>+OH in B-ring
+
−
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DACNS0001|dihydro-quercetin]]<br/>[[Image:FL4DACNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| colspan="3"| F3'5'H<br/>[[Image:Arrow00r100.png]]<br/>+OH in B-ring
+
−
| style="background:plum"| [[FL4DAGNS0001|dihydro-myricetin]]<br/>[[Image:FL4DAGNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
| DFR [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] <small>(reductase)</small>
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]DFR
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]DFR
+
−
|
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[Image:fl6d.png|50px]]<small>flavan diol</small><br/> [[:Category:FL6|''LEUCOANTHO-CYANIDINS'']]
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DAANS0001|leuco-pelargonidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL6DAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="3"|
+
−
{|
+
−
|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]
+
−
|
+
−
{|
+
−
|<small>(reductase)</small>
+
−
|-
+
−
| LAR
+
−
|}
+
−
|}
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DACNS0001|leuco-cyanidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL6DACNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="3"|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] LAR
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL6DAGNS0001|leuco-delphinidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL6DAGNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2"|[[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] LAR
+
−
|
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
| LDOX [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] <small>(oxygenase)</small>
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:olive"| ''PROANTHO- CYANIDINS'' *
+
−
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] LDOX
+
−
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
+
−
| style="background:olive"| ''PROANTHO- CYANIDINS'' *
+
−
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] LDOX
+
−
| &nbsp;&nbsp;
+
−
| style="background:olive"| *...polymers of flavanols
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[Image:fl7_2.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL7|''ANTHO-CYANIDINS'']]
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAANS0001|pelargonidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AAANS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR &nbsp; [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AACNS0001|cyanidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AACNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR &nbsp; [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAGNS0001|delphinidin]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AAGNS0001.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="2" | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]]ANR &nbsp; [[Image:Arrow00u.png]]
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
| UF3GT [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] <small>(+sugar)</small>
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63AANS0002|epi-afzelechin]]<br/>[[Image:FL63AANS0002.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]UF3GT
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63ACNS0002|epi-catechin]]<br/>[[Image:FL63ACNS0002.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
| [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]UF3GT
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[FL63AGNS0003|epigallo-catechin]]<br/>[[Image:FL63AGNS0003.png|70px]]
+
−
| style="background:tan"| [[Image:fl6.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL6|''FLAVAN 3-OLS'']]
+
−
|-
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[Image:fl7.png|50px]]<br/>[[:Category:FL7|''ANTHO-CYANINS'']]
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAAGL0002|pelargonidin 3-glucoside]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AAAGL0002.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AACGL0001|cyanidin 3-glucoside]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AACGL0001.png|70px]]
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
| style="background:tomato"| [[FL7AAGGL0002|delphinidin 3-glucoside]]<br/>[[Image:FL7AAGGL0002.png|70px]]
+
−
|-
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
{|
+
−
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
+
−
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
+
−
|}
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
{|
+
−
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
+
−
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
+
−
|}
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
{|
+
−
|[[Image:Arrow00d35.png]]
+
−
|UF5GT, AOMT etc.
+
−
|}
+
−
|}
+
−
 
+
−
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
+
−
! colspan=4| {{Bilingual|上記遺伝子略称の詳細 (英語)|Information for the Above Abbreviated Gene Names}}
+
−
|-
+
−
! colspan=4| Six Structural Genes
+
−
|-
+
−
! Abbrev. || Name || Origin || Information
+
−
|-
+
−
| CHS
+
−
| chalcone synthase
+
−
| Bacterial polyketide synthases, particularly those in fatty acid synthesis (Verwoert et al. 1992)
+
−
| Early response against light <ref>Kubasek WL, Shirley BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausubel FM: Regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in germinating Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Cell 1992 4:1229-1236</ref> <ref>Pelletier MK, Murrell JR, Shirley BW: Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidins dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 1997 113:1437-1445</ref>
+
−
|-
+
−
| CHI
+
−
| chalcone-flavanone isomerase
+
−
| Unclear and unique to plants.<ref>Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP: Structure and mechanism of chalcone isomerase: an evolutionarily unique enzyme in plants. Nat Struct Biol 2000 7: 786?791</ref>
+
−
''Eubacterium ramulus'' has the CHI activity. <ref>Herles C, Braune A, Braut M: First bacterial chalcone isomerase isolated from ''Eubacterium ramulus''. Arch Microbiol 2004 181:428-434.</ref>
+
−
| Early response against light.
+
−
|-
+
−
| F3H
+
−
| flavanone 3-hydroxylase
+
−
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family <ref>Winkel-Shirley B: Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 2001 126:485-492</ref>
+
−
| Early response in Arabidopsis but late in Antirrhinum <ref>Martin C, Prescott A, Mackay S, Bartlett J, Vrijlandt E: Control of anthocyanin biosyntehsis in flowers ''Antirrhinum majus''. Plant J 1991 1:37-49</ref>
+
−
|-
+
−
| FLS
+
−
| flavonol synthase
+
−
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family <ref>Holton TA, Cornish EC: Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 1993 7:1071-1083</ref>
+
−
| Early response against light. In Arabidopsis, all structural genes are single-copy except for this one, to which six genes exist and two of them are not expressed.
+
−
|-
+
−
| DFR
+
−
| dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
+
−
| NADPH-dependent reductase associated with steroid metabolism <ref>Baker ME, Blasco RE: Expansion of the mammalian 3bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/plant dihydroflavonol reductase superfamily to include a bacterial cholesterol dehydrogenase, a bacterial UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, and open reading frames in vaccinia virus and fish lymphocystis disease virus.
+
−
FEBS Lett 1992 301: 89?93</ref>
+
−
| Later response
+
−
|-
+
−
| ANS/LDOX
+
−
| anthocyanidin synthase or leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase
+
−
| 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family
+
−
| Later response
+
−
|-
+
−
! colspan=4| Auxiliary Genes
+
−
|-
+
−
| F3'H
+
−
| flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase
+
−
| cytochrome P450 hydroxylase family <ref>Brugliera F, Barri-Rewell G, Holton TA, Mason JG: Isolation and characterization of a flavonoid 3-hydroxylase. cDNA clone corresponding to the Ht1 locus of Petunia hybrida. Plant J 1999 19: 441?451</ref>
+
−
|-
+
−
| F3'5'H
+
−
| flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase
+
−
| cytochrome P450 hydroxylase family <ref>Holton TA, Brugliera F, Lester DR, Tanaka Y, Hyland CD, Menting JGT, Lu CY, Farcy E, Stevenson TW, Cornish EC: Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour. Nature 1993 366:276?279</ref>
+
−
| Not reported in mosses or liverworts. The transformation of the F3'5'H and the cytochrome b5 gene of petunia into carnation changed its flower color deep purple.<ref>de Vetten N, ter Horst J, van Schaik H-P, de Boer A, Mol J, Koes R: A cytochrome b5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 39,59-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of blue flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96: 778?783</ref><ref>Brugliera F, Tull D, Holton TA, Karan M, Treloar N,
+
−
Simpson K, Skurczynska J, Mason JG: Introduction of a cytochrome b5 enhances the activity of flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (a cytochrome P450) in transgenic carnation. Sixth International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology. University of Laval, Quebec, 2000 pp S6?S8</ref>
+
−
|-
+
−
| FSI
+
−
| flavone synthase
+
−
| Dioxygenase in parsley (FSI) and P450 monooxygenase in snapdragon (FSII).
+
−
|-
+
−
| LAR (or LCR)
+
−
| leucoanthocyanidin reductase
+
−
|
+
−
|-
+
−
| UF3GT
+
−
| UDP flavonoid glucosyltransferase
+
−
|-
+
−
| GST
+
−
| glutathione-S-transferase
+
−
|
+
−
| Transport of flavonoids from cytoplasm to vacuole or cell walls requires both GST and the glutathione pump in ATP-binding cassette family.<ref>Marrs KA, Alfenito MR, Lloyd AM, Walbot V: A glutathione S-transferase involved in vacuolar transfer encoded by the maise gene Bronze-2. Nature 1995 375: 397?400</ref><ref>Alfenito MR, Souer E, Goodman CD, Buell R, Mol J, Koes R, Walbot V: Functional complementation of anthocyanin sequestration in the vacuole by widely divergent
+
−
glutathione S-transferases. Plant Cell 1998 10: 1135?1149</ref>
+
−
|-
+
−
| AOMT
+
−
| anthocyanin O-methyl transferase
+
−
|-
+
−
| colspan="4"| <references/>
+
−
|}
+
  
 
=={{Bilingual|生物活性|Bioactivity}}==
 
=={{Bilingual|生物活性|Bioactivity}}==

Revision as of 17:03, 7 January 2011

Flavonoid Database

Figure 1: The Backbone of Flavonoid Structure


Flavonoid Top Molecule Index Author Index Journals Structure Search Food New Input

Contents

Class Overview

The word "flavonoid" comes from its Latin origin flavus (yellow) with oid, meaning yellow-ish. It comes from its history as yellow natural dye (quercetin and kaempferol are the most widespread flavone dyes. See flavone).
Chemically speaking, it is a class of plant secondary metabolites that have two benzene rings (each called A-ring and B-ring) connected by a chain of three carbons (Figure 1). The carbon chain, corresponding to the numbers 2,3,4 in Figure 1, is linked to a hydroxyl group in the A-ring to form the C-ring. The class of flavonoids are usually determined by the modification pattern of the C-ring (Table 1).
Flavonoid is utilized in many industrial processes from pigments to food additives. Often heard names include anthocyanin, catechin, flavan, and isoflavone.

Table 1. Flavonoid Classification
1st Class
FL1: Anthochlor
(Aurone and Chalcone)

Fl1.png
safflower yellow

FL2: Flavanone

Fl2.png
white skin of orange

FL3: Flavone

Fl3.png
herbs like parsley

FL4: Dihydroflavonol

Fl4.png
antioxidant in grapes

FL5: Flavonol

Fl5.png
vegetables such as onion

FL6: Flavan
(Leucoanthocyanidin)

Fl6.png
tea, cocoa

FL7: Anthocyani(di)n

Fl7.png
purple vegetables/fruits

FLI: Isoflavonoid

Fli.png
beans

FLN: Neoflavonoid

Fln.png

Biosynthesis of Flavonoid

Flavonoid is synthesized through both the phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway and the acetate-malonate pathway in all higher plants (but not algae). Most plants contain the 6 major subgroups: chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavans, and anthocyani(di)ns. Aurones or isoflavonoids are not ubiquitous.


4-coumaroyl CoA + malonyl CoA
Arrow00d35.pngCHS
Fl1.png
CHALCONES, AURONES 		chalconaringenin
FL1CAANS0001.png 		Fl3.png
FLAVONES 		apigenin
FL3FAANS0001.png 		luteolin
FL3FACNS0001.png
CHI Arrow00d35.png (isomerase) Arrow00ur35.pngFS (oxygenase)

IFS Arrow00dl35.png 		naringenin
Fl2.png
FLAVANONE 		kaempferol
FL5FAANS0001.png 		Fl5.png
FLAVONOLS 		quercetin
FL5FACNS0001.png 		myricetin
FL5FAGNS0001.png
Fli.png
ISO-FLAVONES 		F3H Arrow00d35.png (hydroxylase) Arrow00ur35.png FLS (oxygenase) Arrow00ur35.png FLS Arrow00ur35.png FLS
Fl4.png
DIHYDRO FLAVONOLS 		dihydro-kaempferol
FL4DAANS0001.png 		F3'H
Arrow00r100.png
+OH in B-ring 		dihydro-quercetin
FL4DACNS0001.png 		F3'5'H
Arrow00r100.png
+OH in B-ring 		dihydro-myricetin
FL4DAGNS0001.png
DFR Arrow00d35.png (reductase) Arrow00d35.pngDFR Arrow00d35.pngDFR
Fl6d.pngflavan diol
LEUCOANTHO-CYANIDINS 		leuco-pelargonidin
FL6DAANS0001.png
Arrow00dr35.png
(reductase)
LAR
leuco-cyanidin
FL6DACNS0001.png 		Arrow00dr35.png LAR leuco-delphinidin
FL6DAGNS0001.png 		Arrow00dr35.png LAR
LDOX Arrow00d35.png (oxygenase) PROANTHO- CYANIDINS *    Arrow00d35.png LDOX    PROANTHO- CYANIDINS *    Arrow00d35.png LDOX    *...polymers of flavanols
Fl7 2.png
ANTHO-CYANIDINS 		pelargonidin
FL7AAANS0001.png 		Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png cyanidin
FL7AACNS0001.png 		Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png delphinidin
FL7AAGNS0001.png 		Arrow00dr35.pngANR   Arrow00u.png
UF3GT Arrow00d35.png (+sugar) epi-afzelechin
FL63AANS0002.png 		Arrow00d35.pngUF3GT epi-catechin
FL63ACNS0002.png 		Arrow00d35.pngUF3GT epigallo-catechin
FL63AGNS0003.png 		Fl6.png
FLAVAN 3-OLS
Fl7.png
ANTHO-CYANINS 		pelargonidin 3-glucoside
FL7AAAGL0002.png 		cyanidin 3-glucoside
FL7AACGL0001.png 		delphinidin 3-glucoside
FL7AAGGL0002.png
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.
Arrow00d35.png UF5GT, AOMT etc.

Evolutionary Pressure

Rausher and colleagues studied the relationship between pathway architecture and protein evolutionary rates in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways. Upstream enzymes showed reduced rates of non-synonymous substitution compared with downstream enzymes, which are under relaxed constraints, in both broad (Zea in monocot and Antirrhinum and Ipomoea in eudicot [1] [2] ) and narrow (within Ipomoea [3]) comparisons. Similarly, the downstream enzyme is under less selective pressure in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway [4].


  1. ↑ Rausher MD, Miller R, Tiffin P (1999) "Patterns of evolutionary rate variation among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway" Mol Biol Evol 16:266-274
  2. ↑ Lu Y, Rausher MD (2003) "Evolutionary rate variation in anthocyanin pathway genes" Mol Biol Evol 20:1844-1853
  3. ↑ Rausher MD, Lu Y, Meyer K (2008) "Variation in constraint versus positive selection as an explanation for evolutionary rate variation among anthocyanin genes" J Mol Evol 7:137-144
  4. ↑ Livingstone K, Anderson S (2009) "Patterns of variation in the evolution of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes of higher plants" J Heredity 100:754-761

Bioactivity

Tea Related

Others

Photoprotectant, anti-oxidant activity (More Information)

Not only anthocyanins but even simple structures such as chalcone can absorb UV wavelengths strongly. The ability of photoprotection is derived from its anti-oxidative activity.

Hypotensive activity

Quercetin in onions and flavanols in cocoa are said to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive animals [1], but their effect or mechanism is not clinically conclusive.

  1. ↑ Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, et al. (2008) "Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" Am J Clin Nutr 88:38–50 PMID 18614722
Anti-bacteria, anti-fungal activity

Tannins (proanthocyanidins) show anti-bacterial activity.


Database statistics/ranking

This database collects original references that report identification of flavonoid in various plant species. The database consists of three major namespaces: (flavonoid) compounds, plant species, and references. Currently, 6961 flavonoid structures, 3961 plant species, and 5215 references describing total 19861 metabolite-species relationships are registered.

class FL1
(chalcones) 		FL2
(flavanones) 		FL3
(flavones) 		FL4
(dihydroflavonols) 		FL5
(flavonols) 		FL6
(flavans) 		FL7
(anthocyanidins) 		FLI
(isoflavonoids) 		FLN
(neoflavonoids) 		Total
#data 690 705 1479 272 1943 291 574 916 96 6961


Flavonoid content in food

For details, please visit this page.

Food containing high Flavanone

Flavanones are rich in citrus, not in vegetables.

Food Flavanone
(mg/100g) 		食品名
grapefruit, raw or juice 14-53 グレープフルーツ　（生、ジュース）
orange and tangerine, raw or juice 13-33 オレンジ、みかん　(生、ジュース）
Food containing high flavone

Many herbs contain flavones. Parsley is rich in apigenin; celery and thyme in luteolin.

Food Flavone
(mg/100g) 		食品名
celery hearts, raw 19 セロリの芯 （生）
parsley, raw 302 パセリ　（生）
Food containing high flavonol

Flavonols are prevalent in vegetables, usually in small amounts. Onions, kales, hot peppers are good sources.

Food Flavonol
(mg/100g) 		食品名
buckwheat 23 そば
cranberry, juice 16 クランベリー　（ジュース）
onion, raw or boiled 5-20 たまねぎ　（生、ゆで等）
kale, raw or canned 18-34 ケール　(生、かんづめ）
Food containing high flavan

Catechins and epicatechins are contained in legumes and teas, but not in other vegetables.

Food Flavan
(mg/100g or 100ml) 		食品名
broadbeans, raw ～50 そらまめ　（生）
dark chocolate bar ～50 ダークチョコレート
black grapes 18 黒いブドウ
brewed black tea > 16 淹れた紅茶
brewed oolong tea 50 淹れたウーロン茶
brewed green tea > 50 淹れた緑茶
Food containing high anthocyanin

Anthocyanins are contained in berries. Vegetables supply only small amounts.

Food Anthocyanin
(mg/100g) 		食品名
blueberries, raw 113 ブルーベリー　（生）
sweet cherries, raw 116 さくらんぼ　（生）
elderberries, raw 749 エルダーベリー　（生）
raspberries, raw 49 ラズベリー　（生）
Vegetables and herbs with scarce flavonoids

The following vegetables and herbs have flavonoid contents less than 5 mg/100 g: beets, kidney beans, snap beans, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, endive, gourd, leek, lettuce, green peas, sweet pepper, potato, radish, tomato, oregano, perrilla, rosemary


Design of Flavonoid ID numbers

12-DIGIT

F L x x y y z z w c c c
x ... backbone structure (母核構造) 

FL1 aurone and chalcone; FL2 flavanone; FL3 flavone; FL4 Dihydroflavonol; FL5 Flavonol; FL6 Flavan; FL7 Anthocyanin; FLI Isoflavonoid; FLN Neoflavonoid

y ... hydroxylation pattern in A and B ring (水酸基パターン) 

Click above categories to see details. General description is here.

z ... glycosylation pattern (糖修飾パターン) 

Click above categories to see details. General description is here.

w ... halogenation etc. (ハロゲン等) 

Currently unused.

c ... serial number (通し番号)


For Users of Flavonoid Viewer

The flavonoid IDs used in this site is the same as those in Flavonoid Viewer in metabolome.jp except for the following FL7 category.

Anthocyanin glycosylated with other than glucose and galactose
Flavonoid Viewer
FL7A..GS 		→ This site
FL7A..GO

Subcategories

This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total.

F

  • FL1‎ (4 C)
  • FL2‎ (1 C)
  • FL3‎ (1 C)
  • FL4‎ (1 C)

F cont.

  • FL5‎ (1 C)
  • FL6‎ (4 C)
  • FL7‎ (2 C)
  • FLI‎ (10 C)

F cont.

  • FLN‎ (6 C)
  • [×] FLT‎ (empty)

Pages in category "FL"

The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total.

F

Retrieved from "http://metabolomics.jp/mediawiki/index.php?title=Category:FL&oldid=112121"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
metabolites
Toolbox