Category:TP1
(New page: ==Monoterpene (C10)== {{Twocolumn| The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limit...) |
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The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limited: most belong to [[:Category:Lamiaceae|Lamiaceae]], [[:Category:Rutaceae|Rutaceae]], [[:Category:Apiaceae|Apiaceae]], and [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]]. Their structural variation is extensive due to cyclization reactions by some promiscuous enzymes like the limonene synthase. | The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limited: most belong to [[:Category:Lamiaceae|Lamiaceae]], [[:Category:Rutaceae|Rutaceae]], [[:Category:Apiaceae|Apiaceae]], and [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]]. Their structural variation is extensive due to cyclization reactions by some promiscuous enzymes like the limonene synthase. | ||
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| + | モノテルペンは軽量のため揮発性で、多くのエッセンシャルオイルがここに含まれます。 | ||
| + | エッセンシャルオイルを作る植物のグループは限られており、ほとんどが[[:Category:Lamiaceae|シソ科]], [[:Category:Rutaceae|ミカン科]], [[:Category:Apiaceae|セリ科]] そして [[:Category:Zingiberaceae|ショウガ科]]に属します。 | ||
| + | それらの分子構造は、リモネン合成酵素のような特異性の低い環化反応のおかげで様々に変化しています。 | ||
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Stereochemistry of compound structures contributes much to their flavors. For example, (+)- and (-)-limonene smell like orange ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus sinensis'']], Rutaceae) and lime ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus aurantifolia'']], Rutaceae), respectively, whereas peppermint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha x piperita'']], Lamiaceae) contains both. Likewise, (+)- and (-)-carvone smell like caraway ([[Species:Carum|''Carum carvi'']], Apiaceae) and spearmint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha spicata'']], Lamiaceae), respectively. Monoterpenes also include the iridoid structures, characterized by a cyclopentane ring fused with a six-membered heterocycle with oxygen. One example is gentiopicroside, abundant in the roots of [[:Category:Gentianaceae|Gentianaceae]] plants (e.g. [[Species:Gentiana|''Gentiana lutea, G. scabra'']], and [[Species:Swertia|''Swertia japonica'']]). These roots are still often used as bitter stomachic in traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries. | Stereochemistry of compound structures contributes much to their flavors. For example, (+)- and (-)-limonene smell like orange ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus sinensis'']], Rutaceae) and lime ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus aurantifolia'']], Rutaceae), respectively, whereas peppermint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha x piperita'']], Lamiaceae) contains both. Likewise, (+)- and (-)-carvone smell like caraway ([[Species:Carum|''Carum carvi'']], Apiaceae) and spearmint ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha spicata'']], Lamiaceae), respectively. Monoterpenes also include the iridoid structures, characterized by a cyclopentane ring fused with a six-membered heterocycle with oxygen. One example is gentiopicroside, abundant in the roots of [[:Category:Gentianaceae|Gentianaceae]] plants (e.g. [[Species:Gentiana|''Gentiana lutea, G. scabra'']], and [[Species:Swertia|''Swertia japonica'']]). These roots are still often used as bitter stomachic in traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries. | ||
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| + | 化合物の香りは光学異性体の間でも異なります。 | ||
| + | たとえば(+)-と(-)-リモネン （ミカンの皮に含まれる成分で発泡スチロールを良く溶かす） はそれぞれオレンジ ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus sinensis'']], ミカン科) とライム ([[Species:Citrus|''Citrus aurantifolia'']], ミカン科) の香りを持ち、両方混ぜるとペパーミント ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha x piperita'']], シソ科) の香りになります。 | ||
| + | 同様に、(+)- と(-)-カルボンはそれぞれキャラウェイ ([[Species:Carum|''Carum carvi'']], セリ科) とスペアミント ([[Species:Mentha|''Mentha spicata'']], シソ科) の香りを持ちます。 | ||
| + | モノテルペンの中には、シクロペンタン環が酸素を含むヘテロ6員環とつながったイリドイド構造も含みます。 | ||
| + | 代表例はゲンチオピクロシドで、[[:Category:Gentianaceae|リンドウ科]] (例えば生薬の龍胆[[Species:Gentiana|''Gentiana lutea, G. scabra'']] やセンブリ [[Species:Swertia|''Swertia japonica'']]) の根に多く含まれます。 | ||
| + | これらはアジア諸国の民間療法で苦味健胃薬として使われます。 | ||
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Latest revision as of 11:42, 23 July 2010
[edit] Monoterpene (C10)
The lightweight monoterpenes are usually volatile and many essential oils belong to this category. Plant families that produce essential oils are limited: most belong to Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Apiaceae, and Zingiberaceae. Their structural variation is extensive due to cyclization reactions by some promiscuous enzymes like the limonene synthase.
Stereochemistry of compound structures contributes much to their flavors. For example, (+)- and (-)-limonene smell like orange (Citrus sinensis, Rutaceae) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia, Rutaceae), respectively, whereas peppermint (Mentha x piperita, Lamiaceae) contains both. Likewise, (+)- and (-)-carvone smell like caraway (Carum carvi, Apiaceae) and spearmint (Mentha spicata, Lamiaceae), respectively. Monoterpenes also include the iridoid structures, characterized by a cyclopentane ring fused with a six-membered heterocycle with oxygen. One example is gentiopicroside, abundant in the roots of Gentianaceae plants (e.g. Gentiana lutea, G. scabra, and Swertia japonica). These roots are still often used as bitter stomachic in traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries.
[edit] Sesquiterpene (C15)
Sesquiterpenes are derived from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and several thousand lactones have been identified. Many are found in Asteraceae, and are less volatile than monoterpenes. Well known example include γ-bisabolene, the flavor of ginger (Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae), α-humulene in hops (Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae), and costunolide, the bitter component of chicory (Cichorium intybus, Asteraceae). Not a few sesquiterpenes exhibit medicinal activity. Artemisinin from Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is a promising anti-malarial drug, gossypol from cotton seed oil (Gossypium spp., Malvaceae), which is a sesquiterpene dimer, causes male infertility, and trichothecenes are a family of fungal toxins found in grain food infected by Fusarium species.
[edit] Design of Mono- and Sesqui-terpene ID numbers ID番号の設計
12-DIGIT
| T | P | 1 |
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