Index:PSA/Medicinal
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&&menthlong.pdf&&Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq.&&Lamiaceae&&Mentha capensis Thunb.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina Burch ex Benth.<br/>Mentha sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq.&&dried aerial parts; colour dull green; odour characteristic spearmint-like&&saponins; tannins; flavonoids (e.g. acacetin, hesperidin, luteolin, apigenin glucuronides); monoterpene ketone carvone; piperitenone; piperitone; pulegone&&antimicrobial (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans); no antimicrobial (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida vaginalis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis); weak mutagenic (Salmonella typhimurium); no cytotoxicity (V79); gastrointestinal motility (mouse); no antioxidant | &&menthlong.pdf&&Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq.&&Lamiaceae&&Mentha capensis Thunb.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina Burch ex Benth.<br/>Mentha sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq.&&dried aerial parts; colour dull green; odour characteristic spearmint-like&&saponins; tannins; flavonoids (e.g. acacetin, hesperidin, luteolin, apigenin glucuronides); monoterpene ketone carvone; piperitenone; piperitone; pulegone&&antimicrobial (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans); no antimicrobial (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida vaginalis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis); weak mutagenic (Salmonella typhimurium); no cytotoxicity (V79); gastrointestinal motility (mouse); no antioxidant | ||
&&nylandspin.pdf&&Nylandtia spinosa (L.) Dumort.<br/>Nylandtia scoparia (Eckl. et Zeyher) Goldblatt et J. C. Manning.&&Polygalaceae&&Mundia spinosa (L.) DC&&flowering tops; odour faint pleasant; texture stiff, thorny&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides&&no data | &&nylandspin.pdf&&Nylandtia spinosa (L.) Dumort.<br/>Nylandtia scoparia (Eckl. et Zeyher) Goldblatt et J. C. Manning.&&Polygalaceae&&Mundia spinosa (L.) DC&&flowering tops; odour faint pleasant; texture stiff, thorny&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides&&no data | ||
− | &&ocoteabull.pdf&&Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.&&Lauraceae&&no data&&dried bark; colour grey (outer surface) and red-brown (inner surface) when young, becoming dark grey-brown (outer surface) and light grey-brown (inner surface); odour pleasant, characteristic-aromatic&&tannins, neolignans (e.g. ocobullenone, iso-ocobullenone, sibyllenone, neolignan ketone)&& | + | &&ocoteabull.pdf&&Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.&&Lauraceae&&no data&&dried bark; colour grey (outer surface) and red-brown (inner surface) when young, becoming dark grey-brown (outer surface) and light grey-brown (inner surface); odour pleasant, characteristic-aromatic&&tannins, neolignans (e.g. ocobullenone, iso-ocobullenone, sibyllenone, neolignan ketone)&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
&&oleaeuropafric.pdf&&Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green&&Oleaceae&&Olea africana Mill.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; texture leathery; colour grey-green to grey-brown; odour faintly aromatic; taste extremely astringent&&saponins, tannins, alkaloids (cinchonine, cinchonidine), flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol), triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, oleanolic acid); monoterpenes (e.g. oleuropein and oleacein)&&antimicrobial (Mycobacterium tuberculosus); no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Salmonella typhi); antiviral (HIV-1); hypoglycaemic (rat); antiarrhythmic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); inotropic (rabbit); spasmolytic (guinea pig, rat, rabbit); positive chronotropic (rabbit); antihypercholesterolaemic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); diuretic (human, rat); antiinflammatory (rat); glutathione S-transferase induction (mouse) | &&oleaeuropafric.pdf&&Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green&&Oleaceae&&Olea africana Mill.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; texture leathery; colour grey-green to grey-brown; odour faintly aromatic; taste extremely astringent&&saponins, tannins, alkaloids (cinchonine, cinchonidine), flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol), triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, oleanolic acid); monoterpenes (e.g. oleuropein and oleacein)&&antimicrobial (Mycobacterium tuberculosus); no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Salmonella typhi); antiviral (HIV-1); hypoglycaemic (rat); antiarrhythmic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); inotropic (rabbit); spasmolytic (guinea pig, rat, rabbit); positive chronotropic (rabbit); antihypercholesterolaemic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); diuretic (human, rat); antiinflammatory (rat); glutathione S-transferase induction (mouse) | ||
}} | }} | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 16:09, 4 April 2012
General Index | Orders | Families | Image Links | Edibility |
Medicinal Plants of South Africa by South African National Biodiversity Institute
PSA Page | Family | Genus (our page) |
Synonyms | Parts used | Major chemical constituents | Bioactivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f. Hartogia betulina Berg. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene; rutin; diosmin; menthone; isomenthone; (psi) -diosphenol; diosphenol; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema) |
Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma crenulata Hook. Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene; menthone; isomenthone; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2); weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum) |
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh. | Apiaceae | Alepidea | no data | fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous) | kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2) |
Arctopus echinatus L. | Apiaceae | Arctopus | no data | fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry | saponins; reducing sugars; kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | no data |
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. | Asteraceae | Artemisia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter | saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, friedelin); alkanes ceryl cerotinate; n-nonacosane; luteolin methyl ethers; sesquiterpene lactones; alpha- and beta-thujone; 1,8-cineole; camphor; alpha-pinene | antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Asclepias fruticosa L. | Asclepiadaceae | Asclepias | no data | fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter | glycosides of the cardenolide; pregnanes type (e.g. beta-hydroxygomphoside); monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose); monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid) | uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
Ballota africana (L.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | Ballota | Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth | fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy | saponins; tannins; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin); flavonoids; pyrrolidine-type alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Buddleja saligna Willd. | Buddlejaceae | Buddleja | Chilianthus olearaceus Burch. | fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery | saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside); lignans; neolignans; alkaloids; iridoids; acetylated iridoids; sesquiterpenoids; flavonoids | no data |
Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. | Asphodelaceae | Bulbine | Bulbine caulescens L Bulbine rostrata Willd. |
fresh leaves | knipholone; isoknipholone; gaboroquinone A; gaboroquinone B; demethylknipholone glucoside | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis) |
Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus |
fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acids; malic acid; mesembrine | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1) |
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | no data | fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acid; malic acid; flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside); ferulic acid; catechol tannins | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Chironia baccifera L. | Gentianaceae | Chironia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh | saponins; tannins; secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside); triterpenes; oleanolic acid | no data |
Cissampelos capensis L. f. | Menispermaceae | Cissampelos | Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels Cissampelos fruticosa L.f. Cissampelos humilis Poir. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft | alkaloids; saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; benzylisoquinolines; bisbenzylisoquinolines (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine); diterpenes; triterpenes | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Cliffortia ferruginea L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam. Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv. Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery | saponins; tannins | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
Cliffortia odorata L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb. Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv. |
fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery | saponins; tannins; triterpenes | brine shrimp lethality; antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Conyza scabrida DC. | Asteraceae | Conyza | Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less. Baccharis ivaefolia L. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft | saponins; tannins; cardiac glycosides; diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic acid, printziaic acid) | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus) |
Cotyledon orbiculata L. | Crassulaceae | Cotyledon | no data | fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy | orbicusides A; orbicusides B; orbicusides C; tyledoside D | no data |
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. | Sapindaceae | Dodonaea | Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth. |
fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery | saponins; tannins; quinones; triterpene; diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid); flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'- (3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone); flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin) | brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat) |
Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less. | Asteraceae | Elytropappus | Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f. | fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter | saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides; rhinocerotinoic acid | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic |
Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. africanus Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. Paniculatus |
Asteraceae | Eriocephalus | Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC. | fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic | tannins; sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a,11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane; ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol | antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality |
Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern Euclea undulata Thunb. var. undulata |
Ebenaceae | Euclea | Euclea myrtina Burch. Euclea undulata Thunb. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent | saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; triterpenoids; aliphatics; napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin); | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Galenia africana L. | Aizoaceae | Galenia | Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic | alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. incanum Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard and Burtt |
Geraniaceae | Geranium | Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. b. Geranium multifidum Sweet |
fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft | saponins; tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin) | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Gunnera perpensa L. | Gunneraceae | Gunnera | no data | fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy | celastrin | uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner subsp. procumbens Harpagophytum procumbens DC. subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm. |
Pedaliaceae | Harpagophytum | Harpagophytum burchellii Decne. Uncaria procumbens Burch |
dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter | Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide); sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides); triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol); aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid); flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol) | antiinflammatory (rat, mouse, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic |
Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don | Asteraceae | Helichrysum | Gnaphalium patulum L. Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv. Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft | tannins; flavonoids; diterpenes; acylphloroglucinol; alpha-pyrone; sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives) | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et Burtt | Asteraceae | Helichrysum | Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC. | fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft | flavonoids; phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin); sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene); alpha-pyrone derivatives; diterpenes | brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Hippia frutescens (L.) L. | Asteraceae | Hippia | Tanacetum frutescens L. | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy | saponins; tannins; alkaloids; camphor; trans beta-farnesene; linalool; linalool acetate; terpenen-4-ol; alpha-terpineol | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans) |
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | Hypoxidaceae | Hypoxis | Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore | fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly | hypoxoside; beta-sitosterol; sterolins; monoterpene glycosides; cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside) | antimutagenic; no toxicity (mouse, rabbit); no foetotoxic (mouse); no teratogenic (mouse); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouse) |
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. | Lamiaceae | Leonotis | Phlomis leonurus L. Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. var. albiflor |
dried aerial parts; colour bright yellow-green; odour characteristic-aromatic, pungent; texture rough | saponins; tannins; quinones; alkaloids; triterpene steroids; diterpenoid labdane lactones (e.g. premarrubiin, marrubiin) | antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); no antiamoebic; no molluscicidal (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus); anticonvulsant (mouse); no antiphage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T-7, T2, T4, OPS7); antifertility (rat); uterotonic; antiimplantation; no brine shrimp lethality |
Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson | Lamiaceae | Leonotis | Phlomis ocymifolia Burm. f. | leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic-aromatic; texture soft | saponins; tannins; alkaloids; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. leonitin) | no data |
Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. | Asteraceae | Leysera | Asteropterus dinteri Rothm. Asteropterus gnaphalodes (L.) Rothm. Asteropterus gracilis Rothm. Asteropterus incanus Rothm. Callisia gnaphalodes L. Leysera incana Thunb. Leysera tenuifolia Salisb. |
fresh or dried leaves and stems; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft | tannins; alkaloids; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); benzofuran derivatives; diterpenes (e.g. labdane, kaurene derivatives) | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans) |
Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) Buek | Boraginaceae | Lobostemon | Echium fruticosum L. Echium obovatum (DC.) I. M. Johnston Lobostemon lasiophyllus DC. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour blue-green; odour no perceptible; texture rough-leathery | saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; polysaccharides | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Melianthus comosus Vahl. | Melianthaceae | Melianthus | no data | fresh or dried leaves; colour dull yellow-green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture rough and leathery | saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); bufadienolides (e.g melianthusigenin) | antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa); antitumour (mouse); cytotoxicity (CA-9KB); toxicity (mouse colon carcinoma, mouse leukaemia) |
Melianthus major L. | Melianthaceae | Melianthus | no data | fresh or dried leaves; colour blue green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture smooth and pliable | saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. cyclolaudenol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, quercetaroic-30-caffeate); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, daucosterol) | antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq. |
Lamiaceae | Mentha | Mentha capensis Thunb. Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq. Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq. Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq. Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina Burch ex Benth. Mentha sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq. |
dried aerial parts; colour dull green; odour characteristic spearmint-like | saponins; tannins; flavonoids (e.g. acacetin, hesperidin, luteolin, apigenin glucuronides); monoterpene ketone carvone; piperitenone; piperitone; pulegone | antimicrobial (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans); no antimicrobial (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida vaginalis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis); weak mutagenic (Salmonella typhimurium); no cytotoxicity (V79); gastrointestinal motility (mouse); no antioxidant |
Nylandtia spinosa (L.) Dumort. Nylandtia scoparia (Eckl. et Zeyher) Goldblatt et J. C. Manning. |
Polygalaceae | Nylandtia | Mundia spinosa (L.) DC | flowering tops; odour faint pleasant; texture stiff, thorny | saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides | no data |
Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill. | Lauraceae | Ocotea | no data | dried bark; colour grey (outer surface) and red-brown (inner surface) when young, becoming dark grey-brown (outer surface) and light grey-brown (inner surface); odour pleasant, characteristic-aromatic | tannins, neolignans (e.g. ocobullenone, iso-ocobullenone, sibyllenone, neolignan ketone) | no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
Olea europaea L. ssp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green | Oleaceae | Olea | Olea africana Mill. | fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; texture leathery; colour grey-green to grey-brown; odour faintly aromatic; taste extremely astringent | saponins, tannins, alkaloids (cinchonine, cinchonidine), flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol), triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, oleanolic acid); monoterpenes (e.g. oleuropein and oleacein) | antimicrobial (Mycobacterium tuberculosus); no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Salmonella typhi); antiviral (HIV-1); hypoglycaemic (rat); antiarrhythmic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); inotropic (rabbit); spasmolytic (guinea pig, rat, rabbit); positive chronotropic (rabbit); antihypercholesterolaemic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); diuretic (human, rat); antiinflammatory (rat); glutathione S-transferase induction (mouse) |