Index:PSA/Medicinal
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&&alepideaatym.pdf&&Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous)&&kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2) | &&alepideaatym.pdf&&Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous)&&kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2) | ||
&&arctopusechinatus.pdf&&Arctopus echinatus L.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry&&saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&no data | &&arctopusechinatus.pdf&&Arctopus echinatus L.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry&&saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&no data | ||
− | &&artemisiaafra.pdf&&Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.&&Asteraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts | + | &&artemisiaafra.pdf&&Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.&&Asteraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter&&saponins, tannins, triterpenes (e.g. alpha- and beta-amyrin, friedelin), alkanes ceryl cerotinate, n-nonacosane, 2 luteolin methyl ethers, sesquiterpene lactones (10 guaianolides and 5 glaucolides), alpha- and beta-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha-pinene&&antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
&&asclepfruit.pdf&&Asclepias fruticosa L.&&Asclepiadaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter&&glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid)&&uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) | &&asclepfruit.pdf&&Asclepias fruticosa L.&&Asclepiadaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter&&glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid)&&uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) | ||
− | &&ballotafric.pdf&&Ballota africana (L.) Benth.&&Lamiaceae&&Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth&&fresh or dried overground parts | + | &&ballotafric.pdf&&Ballota africana (L.) Benth.&&Lamiaceae&&Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy&&saponins, tannins, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin), flavonoids, pyrrolidine-type alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
&&buddlejasaligna.pdf&&Buddleja saligna Willd.&&Buddlejaceae&&Chilianthus olearaceus Burch.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids&&no data | &&buddlejasaligna.pdf&&Buddleja saligna Willd.&&Buddlejaceae&&Chilianthus olearaceus Burch.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids&&no data | ||
&&bulbinefrut.pdf&&Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.&&Asphodelaceae&&Bulbine caulescens L<br/>Bulbine rostrata Willd.&&fresh leaves&&knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis) | &&bulbinefrut.pdf&&Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.&&Asphodelaceae&&Bulbine caulescens L<br/>Bulbine rostrata Willd.&&fresh leaves&&knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis) | ||
− | &&carpobrotacina.pdf&&Carpobrotus acinaciformis L.&&Aizoaceae&&Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus<br/>Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acids, malic | + | &&carpobrotacina.pdf&&Carpobrotus acinaciformis L.&&Aizoaceae&&Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus<br/>Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acids, malic acid, mesembrine&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1) |
&&carpobrotedu.pdf&&Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol.&&Aizoaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside), ferulic acid, catechol tannins&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | &&carpobrotedu.pdf&&Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol.&&Aizoaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside), ferulic acid, catechol tannins&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | ||
− | &&chironbac.pdf&&Chironia baccifera L.&&Gentianaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts | + | &&chironbac.pdf&&Chironia baccifera L.&&Gentianaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh&&saponins, tannins, secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside), triterpene, oleanolic acid&&no data |
&&cissampcap.pdf&&Cissampelos capensis L. f.&&Menispermaceae&&Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels<br/>Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels<br/>Cissampelos fruticosa L.f.<br/>Cissampelos humilis Poir.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft&&alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine), diterpene, triterpene&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | &&cissampcap.pdf&&Cissampelos capensis L. f.&&Menispermaceae&&Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels<br/>Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels<br/>Cissampelos fruticosa L.f.<br/>Cissampelos humilis Poir.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft&&alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine), diterpene, triterpene&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | ||
&&cliffortfer.pdf&&Cliffortia ferruginea L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | &&cliffortfer.pdf&&Cliffortia ferruginea L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | ||
− | &&cliffortodor.pdf&&Cliffortia odorata L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb.<br/>Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv.&&fresh or dried overground parts | + | &&cliffortodor.pdf&&Cliffortia odorata L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb.<br/>Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv.&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, triterpen&&brine shrimp lethality; antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
&&conyzascab.pdf&&Conyza scabrida DC.&&Asteraceae&&Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less.<br/>Baccharis ivaefolia L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic, printziaic acid and derivatives)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus) | &&conyzascab.pdf&&Conyza scabrida DC.&&Asteraceae&&Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less.<br/>Baccharis ivaefolia L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic, printziaic acid and derivatives)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus) | ||
&&cotyledorbic.pdf&&Cotyledon orbiculata L.&&Crassulaceae&&no data&&fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy&&orbicusides A-C, tyledoside D&&no data | &&cotyledorbic.pdf&&Cotyledon orbiculata L.&&Crassulaceae&&no data&&fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy&&orbicusides A-C, tyledoside D&&no data | ||
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&&gunnerapers.pdf&&Gunnera perpensa L.&&Gunneraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy&&celastrin&&uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) | &&gunnerapers.pdf&&Gunnera perpensa L.&&Gunneraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy&&celastrin&&uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) | ||
&&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm<br/>Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic | &&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm<br/>Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic | ||
+ | &&helichryspat.pdf&&Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don&&Asteraceae&&Gnaphalium patulum L.<br/>Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv.<br/>Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, acylphloroglucinol, alpha-pyrone, sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | ||
+ | &&helichryspetiolar.pdf&&Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et Burtt&&Asteraceae&&Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft&&flavonoids, phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin), sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene), alpha-pyrone derivatives, diterpenes&&brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | ||
+ | &&hippiafrut.pdf&&Hippia frutescens (L.) L.&&Asteraceae&&Tanacetum frutescens L.&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy&&saponins, tannins, alkaloids, camphor, trans beta-farnesene, linalool, linalool acetate, terpenen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans) | ||
+ | &&hypoxisradix.pdf&&Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey.&&Hypoxidaceae&&Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore&&fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly&&hypoxoside, beta-sitosterol, sterolins, monoterpene glycosides, cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside)&&antimutagenic; no toxicity (mouce, rabbit); no foetotoxic (mouce); no teratogenic (mouce); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouce) | ||
}} | }} | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 18:04, 2 April 2012
General Index | Orders | Families | Image Links | Edibility |
Medicinal Plants of South Africa by South African National Biodiversity Institute
PSA Page | Family | Genus (our page) |
Synonyms | Parts used | Major chemical constituents | Bioactivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f. Hartogia betulina Berg. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene, rutin, diosmin, menthone, isomenthone, (psi) -diosphenol, diosphenol, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema) |
Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma crenulata Hook. Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene, menthone, isomenthone, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2); weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum) |
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh. | Apiaceae | Alepidea | no data | fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous) | kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2) |
Arctopus echinatus L. | Apiaceae | Arctopus | no data | fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry | saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | no data |
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. | Asteraceae | Artemisia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter | saponins, tannins, triterpenes (e.g. alpha- and beta-amyrin, friedelin), alkanes ceryl cerotinate, n-nonacosane, 2 luteolin methyl ethers, sesquiterpene lactones (10 guaianolides and 5 glaucolides), alpha- and beta-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha-pinene | antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Asclepias fruticosa L. | Asclepiadaceae | Asclepias | no data | fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter | glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid) | uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
Ballota africana (L.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | Ballota | Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth | fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy | saponins, tannins, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin), flavonoids, pyrrolidine-type alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Buddleja saligna Willd. | Buddlejaceae | Buddleja | Chilianthus olearaceus Burch. | fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids | no data |
Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. | Asphodelaceae | Bulbine | Bulbine caulescens L Bulbine rostrata Willd. |
fresh leaves | knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis) |
Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus |
fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acids, malic acid, mesembrine | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1) |
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | no data | fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside), ferulic acid, catechol tannins | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Chironia baccifera L. | Gentianaceae | Chironia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh | saponins, tannins, secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside), triterpene, oleanolic acid | no data |
Cissampelos capensis L. f. | Menispermaceae | Cissampelos | Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels Cissampelos fruticosa L.f. Cissampelos humilis Poir. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft | alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine), diterpene, triterpene | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Cliffortia ferruginea L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam. Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv. Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery | saponins, tannins | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
Cliffortia odorata L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb. Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv. |
fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery | saponins, tannins, triterpen | brine shrimp lethality; antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Conyza scabrida DC. | Asteraceae | Conyza | Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less. Baccharis ivaefolia L. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft | saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic, printziaic acid and derivatives) | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus) |
Cotyledon orbiculata L. | Crassulaceae | Cotyledon | no data | fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy | orbicusides A-C, tyledoside D | no data |
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. | Sapindaceae | Dodonaea | Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth. |
fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery | saponins, tannins, quinones, triterpene, diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid), flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'-(3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone), flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin) | brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat) |
Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less. | Asteraceae | Elytropappus | Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f. | fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, rhinocerotinoic acid | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic |
Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus. (Cass.) | Asteraceae | Eriocephalus | Eriocephalus paniculatus Cass. Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC. |
fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic | tannins, sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a, 11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane, ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol | antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality |
Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern | Ebenaceae | Euclea | Euclea myrtina Burch. Euclea undulata Thunb. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, triterpenoids, aliphatics, napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin), | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Galenia africana L. | Aizoaceae | Galenia | Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic | alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Geranium incanum Burm. f. | Geraniaceae | Geranium | Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard et Burtt Geranium multifidum Sweet |
fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft | saponins, tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin) | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
Gunnera perpensa L. | Gunneraceae | Gunnera | no data | fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy | celastrin | uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner | Pedaliaceae | Harpagophytum | Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm Harpagophytum burchellii Decne. Uncaria procumbens Burch |
dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter | Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol) | antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic |
Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don | Asteraceae | Helichrysum | Gnaphalium patulum L. Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv. Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft | tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, acylphloroglucinol, alpha-pyrone, sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives) | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et Burtt | Asteraceae | Helichrysum | Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC. | fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft | flavonoids, phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin), sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene), alpha-pyrone derivatives, diterpenes | brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
Hippia frutescens (L.) L. | Asteraceae | Hippia | Tanacetum frutescens L. | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy | saponins, tannins, alkaloids, camphor, trans beta-farnesene, linalool, linalool acetate, terpenen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans) |
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | Hypoxidaceae | Hypoxis | Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore | fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly | hypoxoside, beta-sitosterol, sterolins, monoterpene glycosides, cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside) | antimutagenic; no toxicity (mouce, rabbit); no foetotoxic (mouce); no teratogenic (mouce); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouce) |