Category:PK
Polyketide (ポリケチド)
Contents |
Class Overview
1st Class | ||
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PK4: Four C2 Units orsellinic acid, 6-methylsalicylic acid, triacetic acid lactone, asperlin, usnic acid, methylphloracetophenone, penicillic acid, patulin |
PK5: Five C2 Units citrinin, aflatoxin, augenone, sepedonin, stipitatonic acid |
PK6: Six C2 Units plumbagin, 7-methyljuglone, juglone, variotin |
PK7: Seven and eight C2 Units Anthraquinone rings |
PK9: Nine C2 Units Tetracyclines | |
Polyketides are synthesized through the polymerization of acetyl units (β-ketomethylene chain). The key reactions for chain extensions are:
- Claisen condensation by β-ketoacyl synthase (KS)
- an acyltransferase (AT), and
- an acyl carrier protein (ACP).
- reduction to an alcohol by ketoreductase (KR),
- dehydration to the conjugated ester by dehydratase (DH), and
- reduction of the double bond by enoyl reductase (ER).
Extent of Reduction | ||
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fully reduced | partially reduced | unreduced |
fatty acids, linear PKs | macrolides | aromatics |
Linear Chain and Related | |||||||||||
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Linear polyketides | Polyether polyketides | Acetogenins | Cyclic imines | ||||||||
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Aromatic and Related | |||||||||||
with Benzene orsellinic acid, benzophenone, altenariol |
with Naphthalene statins |
with Anthracene |
Tetracyclines | ||||||||
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Macrolides (most often by non-iterative type I) | |||||||||||
Polyene Type
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Macrolides
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Polyketide Synthase (PKS)
species | Actinomycetes | Cyanobacteria | γ-Proteobacteria | Fungi | Dinoflagellates |
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Type-I PKS | Ο | Ο | Ο | Χ | Ο |
Type-II PKS | Ο | Χ | Χ | Ο | Χ |
NRPS | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Χ |
deoxysugar | Ο | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ |
Terpene | Δ | Χ | Χ | Ο | Χ |
Type I PKS (non-iterative)
- Multi catalytic domains exist in a single protein
- Chain length is determined by the number of catalytic domains.
- Products are non-aromatic and have larger masses.
Ref. Erythromycin biosynthesis in Nat Prod Rep 18, 380 (2001)
Type II PKS (iterative)
- Three proteins (KSα, KSβ, ACP) are repeatedly used for carbon chain elongation.
- Chain length is determined by another protein, CLF.
- In bacteria, products are aromatic (e.g. chiorotetracycline, pradimicin).
- In fungi, products are both non-aromatic and aromatic.
Non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS)
Coupling with PKS and NRPS
- vancomycin ()
- leinamycin (Curr opin chem biol 7:285, 2003)
- pseurotin (chem bio chem 8:1736-1743, 2007)
- curacin (curr opin chem biol 13:216, 2009)
- epothilone
- rapamycin
PKS in Fungi
- both aromatic and non-aromatic compounds are generated by iterative PKS
- methyl branch is transferred from methionine, not methylmalonyl CoA
Ref. Dewick, PM Medicinal Natural Products (2009)
Decoration
deoxysugars
deoxygenation, c-methylation, amination, n-methylation, ketosugar,
Unusual structures
Phoma | zaragozic acid, phomoidoride | Streptomyces | yatakemycin, leinamycin, saframycin, neocarzinostatin, staurosporin, FR182877 | Other bacteria | PKS-NRPS hybrid type
Curacin A (Lyngbya), Shiphonazole (Herpetosiphon), Jamaicamide A (Lyngbya), Cylindrospermopsin (Cylindrospermopsis) |
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