Doc:Polyamine
From Metabolomics.JP
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==定義== | ==定義== | ||
− | + | ポリアミンはアミノ基を多く含む塩基性非環状低分子化合物の総称です。 | |
+ | 細胞内では濃度が厳密に調節されており、大腸菌の対数増殖期には数十 mM 含まれます。 | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 17: | Line 18: | ||
<sup>*</sup> ... ''Thermus thermophilus, Thermococcus kodakarensis, Pyrococcus furiosus'' | <sup>*</sup> ... ''Thermus thermophilus, Thermococcus kodakarensis, Pyrococcus furiosus'' | ||
+ | ==機能== | ||
+ | * 長鎖ポリアミンDNA, RNAのステム等二重鎖構造、分岐ポリアミンはループ構造を安定させます<ref name="ohshima05">Terui Y, Ohnuma M, Hiraga K, Kawashima K, Oshima T (2005) Stabilization of nucleic acids by unusual polyamines produced by an extreme thermophile, ''Thermus thermophilus Biochem J'' 388, 427-433 [http://www.biochemj.org/bj/388/bj3880427.htm PDF]</ref>。 | ||
+ | * 大腸菌ではmRNAと結合して遺伝子発現を翻訳レベルで調節します<ref>Igarashi K, Kashiwag K (2006) "Polyamine Modulon in Escherichia coli: genes involved in the stimulation of cell growth by polyamines" J Biochem 139(1):11-6 (review) PMID 16428314</ref>。 | ||
− | + | ;References | |
+ | <references/> | ||
==生合成== | ==生合成== | ||
===多くの生物で見られる合成系=== | ===多くの生物で見られる合成系=== | ||
− | {| | + | {| style="text-align:center" |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | L-arginine | + | | L-<big>arginine</big> |
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | + | | <small>arginine<br/>decarboxylase</small> | |
− | | <small>arginine decarboxylase</small> | + | | [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] |
|} | |} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | L-ornithine | + | | L-<big>ornithine</big> |
| | | | ||
− | | agmatine | + | | <big>agmatine<big> |
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | + | | <small>ornithine<br/>decarboxylase<br/>(most eukaryotes)</small> | |
− | | <small>ornithine decarboxylase (most eukaryotes)</small> | + | | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] |
|} | |} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
{| | {| | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]] |
− | | <small>agmatine ureohydrolase (plants and some bacteria)</small> | + | | <small>agmatine<br/>ureohydrolase<br/>(plants and some bacteria)</small> |
|} | |} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | putrescine | + | | <big>putrescine</big> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
+ | | align="right"| | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | <small>spermidine<br/>synthase</small> | ||
+ | | [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
| | | | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | | <small>γ-glutamyl</small> | ||
+ | | [[Image:Arrow00d35.png]] | ||
+ | | <small>intermediate</small> | ||
+ | |} | ||
| | | | ||
− | | spermidine | + | |- |
+ | | <big>spermidine</big> | ||
+ | | <big>GABA</big> | ||
+ | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | 大腸菌のプトレシン代謝には以下の二経路が存在します。 | ||
+ | * プトレシンを脱アミノして γ-aminobutylaldehyde を作り GABA や Δ<sup>1</sup>-pirroline につなげるYgjG-YdcW経路 <ref>Samsonova NN, Smirnov SV, Altman IB, Ptitsyn LR (2003) "Molecular cloning and characterization of Escherichia coli K12 ygjG gene" ''BMC Microbiol'' 3(1):2 PMID 12617754</ref> | ||
+ | * プトレシンをグルタミン化して γ-gluamyl putrescine とし、その後脱アミノしてもピロリンに環化させないPuu経路 (Putrescine utilization) <ref>Kurihara S, Oda S, Kato K, Kim HG, Koyanagi T, Kumagai H, Suzuki H (2005) "A novel putrescine utilization pathway involves gamma-glutamylated intermediates of Escherichia coli K-12" ''J Biol Chem'' 280(6):4602-8 PMID 15590624</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | YgjG-YdcW系の酵素は破壊してもプトレシンを単一窒素・炭素源とする最小培地での生育に影響を与えませんが、Puu系の酵素は同じ培地で生育できなくなります。またPuu経路の入り口にあたる酵素 (PuuA) のKm値は高く (45 mM) 細胞内のプトレシン濃度を高く保ちます <ref>Kurihara S, Oda S, Tsuboi Y, Kim HG, Oshida M, Kumagai H, Suzuki H (2008) "gamma-Glutamylputrescine synthetase in the putrescine utilization pathway of Escherichia coli K-12" ''J Biol Chem'' 283(29):19981-90 PMID 18495664</ref>。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ;References | ||
+ | <references/> | ||
===好熱菌の合成系=== | ===好熱菌の合成系=== | ||
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{| | {| | ||
| | | | ||
− | | L-arginine | + | | L-<big>arginine</big> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | Pathway II [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]] |
| | | | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] Pathway I |
|- | |- | ||
− | | aminopropyl agmatine <ref name="adams07">Cacciapuoti G, Porcelli M, Moretti MA, Sorrentino F, ..., Adams MW. (2007) The first agmatine/cadaverine | + | | <big>aminopropyl<br/>agmatine</big> <ref name="adams07">Cacciapuoti G, Porcelli M, Moretti MA, Sorrentino F, ..., Adams MW. (2007) The first agmatine/cadaverine |
aminopropyl transferase: biochemical and structural characterization | aminopropyl transferase: biochemical and structural characterization | ||
of an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in the hyperthermophilic | of an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in the hyperthermophilic | ||
archaeon ''Pyrococcus furiosus''. ''J Bacteriol'' 189, 6057–6067</ref><ref name="ohshima05b">Ohnuma M, Terui Y, Tamakoshi M, Mitome H, Niitsu M, Samejima K, Kwashima E, Ohshima T (2005) N1-aminopropylagmatine, a new polyamine produced as a key intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis of an extreme thermophile, ''Thermus thermophilus.'' ''J Biol Chem'' 280, 30073-30082</ref><ref name="fujiwara10">Morimoto N, Fukuda W, Nakajima N, Masuda T, ..., Imanaka T, Fujiwara S (2010) Dual Biosynthesis Pathway for Longer-Chain Polyamines in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon ''Thermococcus kodakarensis.'' ''J Bacteriol'' 192, 4991-5001</ref> | archaeon ''Pyrococcus furiosus''. ''J Bacteriol'' 189, 6057–6067</ref><ref name="ohshima05b">Ohnuma M, Terui Y, Tamakoshi M, Mitome H, Niitsu M, Samejima K, Kwashima E, Ohshima T (2005) N1-aminopropylagmatine, a new polyamine produced as a key intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis of an extreme thermophile, ''Thermus thermophilus.'' ''J Biol Chem'' 280, 30073-30082</ref><ref name="fujiwara10">Morimoto N, Fukuda W, Nakajima N, Masuda T, ..., Imanaka T, Fujiwara S (2010) Dual Biosynthesis Pathway for Longer-Chain Polyamines in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon ''Thermococcus kodakarensis.'' ''J Bacteriol'' 192, 4991-5001</ref> | ||
| | | | ||
− | | putrescine | + | | <big>putrescine</big> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | |align="right"| [[Image:Arrow00dr35.png]] |
| | | | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Arrow00dl35.png]] |
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | spermidine | + | | <big>spermidine</big> |
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | spermine | + | | <big>spermine</big> |
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | 好熱菌ではプトレシンの生合成を阻害してもポリアミン量に変化は見られないのに対し、SAM decarboxylase を阻害してaminopropyl | + | 好熱菌ではプトレシンの生合成を阻害してもポリアミン量に変化は見られないのに対し、SAM decarboxylase を阻害してaminopropyl agmatineの合成を阻害するとポリアミンを合成しません。Pathway IIがスペルミン合成の主要経路と考えられます。 |
<references/> | <references/> |
Latest revision as of 16:12, 11 December 2010
Contents |
[edit] 定義
ポリアミンはアミノ基を多く含む塩基性非環状低分子化合物の総称です。 細胞内では濃度が厳密に調節されており、大腸菌の対数増殖期には数十 mM 含まれます。
標準ポリアミン | プトレシン、スペルミジン、スペルミン | 細菌からカビ、高等真核生物まで |
---|---|---|
長鎖ポリアミン | カルドペンタミン、カルドヘキサミン | 高度好熱菌* |
分岐ポリアミン | テトラキス(3-アミノプロピル)アンモニア | 高度好熱菌* |
* ... Thermus thermophilus, Thermococcus kodakarensis, Pyrococcus furiosus
[edit] 機能
- References
- ↑ Terui Y, Ohnuma M, Hiraga K, Kawashima K, Oshima T (2005) Stabilization of nucleic acids by unusual polyamines produced by an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus Biochem J 388, 427-433 PDF
- ↑ Igarashi K, Kashiwag K (2006) "Polyamine Modulon in Escherichia coli: genes involved in the stimulation of cell growth by polyamines" J Biochem 139(1):11-6 (review) PMID 16428314
[edit] 生合成
[edit] 多くの生物で見られる合成系
大腸菌のプトレシン代謝には以下の二経路が存在します。
- プトレシンを脱アミノして γ-aminobutylaldehyde を作り GABA や Δ1-pirroline につなげるYgjG-YdcW経路 [1]
- プトレシンをグルタミン化して γ-gluamyl putrescine とし、その後脱アミノしてもピロリンに環化させないPuu経路 (Putrescine utilization) [2]
YgjG-YdcW系の酵素は破壊してもプトレシンを単一窒素・炭素源とする最小培地での生育に影響を与えませんが、Puu系の酵素は同じ培地で生育できなくなります。またPuu経路の入り口にあたる酵素 (PuuA) のKm値は高く (45 mM) 細胞内のプトレシン濃度を高く保ちます [3]。
- References
- ↑ Samsonova NN, Smirnov SV, Altman IB, Ptitsyn LR (2003) "Molecular cloning and characterization of Escherichia coli K12 ygjG gene" BMC Microbiol 3(1):2 PMID 12617754
- ↑ Kurihara S, Oda S, Kato K, Kim HG, Koyanagi T, Kumagai H, Suzuki H (2005) "A novel putrescine utilization pathway involves gamma-glutamylated intermediates of Escherichia coli K-12" J Biol Chem 280(6):4602-8 PMID 15590624
- ↑ Kurihara S, Oda S, Tsuboi Y, Kim HG, Oshida M, Kumagai H, Suzuki H (2008) "gamma-Glutamylputrescine synthetase in the putrescine utilization pathway of Escherichia coli K-12" J Biol Chem 283(29):19981-90 PMID 18495664
[edit] 好熱菌の合成系
L-arginine | ||
Pathway II ![]() |
![]() | |
aminopropyl agmatine [1][2][3] |
putrescine | |
![]() |
![]() | |
spermidine | ||
spermine |
好熱菌ではプトレシンの生合成を阻害してもポリアミン量に変化は見られないのに対し、SAM decarboxylase を阻害してaminopropyl agmatineの合成を阻害するとポリアミンを合成しません。Pathway IIがスペルミン合成の主要経路と考えられます。
- ↑ Cacciapuoti G, Porcelli M, Moretti MA, Sorrentino F, ..., Adams MW. (2007) The first agmatine/cadaverine aminopropyl transferase: biochemical and structural characterization of an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 189, 6057–6067
- ↑ Ohnuma M, Terui Y, Tamakoshi M, Mitome H, Niitsu M, Samejima K, Kwashima E, Ohshima T (2005) N1-aminopropylagmatine, a new polyamine produced as a key intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. J Biol Chem 280, 30073-30082
- ↑ Morimoto N, Fukuda W, Nakajima N, Masuda T, ..., Imanaka T, Fujiwara S (2010) Dual Biosynthesis Pathway for Longer-Chain Polyamines in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. J Bacteriol 192, 4991-5001