Doc:Food/Flavonoid
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=={{Bilingual|利用効率|Bioavailability}}== | =={{Bilingual|利用効率|Bioavailability}}== | ||
| + | ; {{Bilingual|一般|General}} | ||
| + | {{Twocolumn| | ||
| + | Not all phenolics including flavonoids are absorbed in their native forms. Esterification of phenolic acids (e.g. chlorogenic acid), for example, reduces absorption. | ||
| + | Non-absorbed flavonoids are transported to the colon, and subjected to metabolism by microbiota. | ||
| + | |||
| + | During absorption, polyphenols are metabolized to form β-glucuronide and sulfate conjugates (phase II conjugation in the intestinal wall), and catechol units are methylated. C-glycosides such as puerarin remain stable and not conjugated. These metabolized forms show markedly different bioactivities from their aglycones. | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | フラボノイドを含むフェノール化合物の全てが体内で吸収されるわけではありません。例えば、フェノール基のエステルは殆ど吸収されません。吸収されないフラボノイドは大腸まで進み、そこで微生物による分解をうけます。 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 吸収されたポリフェノールはβ-グルクロン酸抱合体、硫酸抱合体を作り （小腸壁におけるフェーズＩＩ抱合）、カテコール部分がメチル化されます。ただし、プエラリンのようなC-グリコシドは抱合体を作りません。 | ||
| + | こうして代謝されたものは、もとのアグリコンとは全く違う活性を持ちます。 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ; {{Bilingual|イソフラボン|Isoflavones}} | ||
| + | {{Twocolumn| | ||
| + | Isoflavones are efficiently absorbed from the colon and exhibit the highest bioavailability. (Usually polyphenols absorbed from the colon show very low availability.) Daidzein and genistein are known to form chlorinated products (e.g. 3- and 8-chlorodaidzein), then are conjugated with glucuronides and excreted in bile. | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | イソフラボンは大腸から効率よく吸収され、フラボノイドのなかでも高い利用効率を示します。 | ||
| + | ダイゼインとゲニステインは、塩素と結合し (3-および8-クロロダイゼイン等) その後、グルクロン酸抱合を経て胆汁の中に排出されます。 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ; {{Bilingual|アントシアニン|Anthocyanins}} | ||
| + | {{Twocolumn| | ||
| + | Although anthocyanins comprise ca 50% of total polyphenols, they are poorly absorbed (less than 1% of intake in urinary levels) from the stomach ｄand small intestine. After intake, they soon appear in plasma and urine. In blood, only anthocyanins exist in a non-conjugated form. Their glucuronides and sulfo-conjugated forms also appear in early blood sample (0-6 h) and methylated forms occur later (6-24 h)<ref>Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ, Wang J (2004) "Anthocyanin metabolites | ||
| + | in human urine and serum" ''Br J Nutr'' 91:933-42</ref><ref>Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ (2005) "Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites: a study of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cyanidin 3-glycosides in humans" ''J Nutr'' 135:2582-8</ref> | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | アントシアニンは食品中のポリフェノールのおよそ半分を占めますが、殆ど吸収されません。（尿中には摂食量の1%しか出てきません。）アントシアニンは胃や小腸から吸収され、食後すぐにそのままの形が血漿中で検出できます。そのままの形で血液中に入るのはアントシアニンだけです。 | ||
| + | グルクロン酸抱合体、硫酸抱合体は初期 (0-6 h) に血中に見られ、時間とともに (6-24 h) メチル化したものがみられます。 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ; {{Bilingual|フラバン|Flavan}} | ||
| + | {{Twocolumn| | ||
| + | Flavan 3-ols and phenolic acids are efficiently abosrbed from the small instestine, a few hours after intake. | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | フラバン3-オールおよびフェノール化合物は小腸から吸収されます。 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | <references/> | ||
| + | ===Bioavailability Data=== | ||
{| class ="wikitable" | {| class ="wikitable" | ||
! Flavonoid || Dose || Observation | ! Flavonoid || Dose || Observation | ||
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Revision as of 16:00, 30 September 2010
| Flavonoid Top | Molecule Index | Author Index | Journals | Structure Search | Food | New Input |
Contents[hide] |
Flavonoid in Food
Flavonoid contents in food may vary from many reasons: the place and time of harvest, measurement method, and the handling of biological samples. In this section, we selected foods with over 10 mg flavonoids per standard serving. For example, fresh peppermint contains ca 20 mg flavones (apigenin and luteolin) per 100 g, but we do not eat over 50 g peppermint leaves in a normal diet. The following data are rather subjectively selected from data tables in this database.
- Resources
- A table of flavonoid contents by USDA 2003
- A table of isoflavonoid contents by USDA-Iowa State U 1999
- Antioxidant activity of flavonoids
- References
- Merken HM, Beecher GR (2000) "Measurement of Food Flavonoids by High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography: A Review" J Agric Food Chem 48(3) 577-599 PMID 10725120
Content Summary
- Food containing high Flavanone
Flavanones are rich in citrus, not in vegetables.
| Food | Flavanone (mg/100g) |
食品名 |
|---|---|---|
| grapefruit, raw or juice | 14-53 | グレープフルーツ （生、ジュース） |
| orange and tangerine, raw or juice | 13-33 | オレンジ、みかん (生、ジュース） |
- Food containing high flavone
Many herbs contain flavones. Parsley is rich in apigenin; celery and thyme in luteolin.
| Food | Flavone (mg/100g) |
食品名 |
|---|---|---|
| celery hearts, raw | 19 | セロリの芯 （生） |
| parsley, raw | 302 | パセリ （生） |
- Food containing high flavonol
Flavonols are prevalent in vegetables, usually in small amounts. Onions, kales, hot peppers are good sources.
| Food | Flavonol (mg/100g) |
食品名 |
|---|---|---|
| buckwheat | 23 | そば |
| cranberry, juice | 16 | クランベリー （ジュース） |
| onion, raw or boiled | 5-20 | たまねぎ （生、ゆで等） |
| kale, raw or canned | 18-34 | ケール (生、かんづめ） |
- Food containing high flavan
Catechins and epicatechins are contained in legumes and teas, but not in other vegetables.
| Food | Flavan (mg/100g or 100ml) |
食品名 |
|---|---|---|
| broadbeans, raw | ～50 | そらまめ （生） |
| dark chocolate bar | ～50 | ダークチョコレート |
| black grapes | 18 | 黒いブドウ |
| brewed black tea | > 16 | 淹れた紅茶 |
| brewed oolong tea | 50 | 淹れたウーロン茶 |
| brewed green tea | > 50 | 淹れた緑茶 |
- Food containing high anthocyanin
Anthocyanins are contained in berries. Vegetables supply only small amounts.
| Food | Anthocyanin (mg/100g) |
食品名 |
|---|---|---|
| blueberries, raw | 113 | ブルーベリー （生） |
| sweet cherries, raw | 116 | さくらんぼ （生） |
| elderberries, raw | 749 | エルダーベリー （生） |
| raspberries, raw | 49 | ラズベリー （生） |
- Vegetables and herbs with scarce flavonoids
The following vegetables and herbs have flavonoid contents less than 5 mg/100 g: beets, kidney beans, snap beans, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, endive, gourd, leek, lettuce, green peas, sweet pepper, potato, radish, tomato, oregano, perrilla, rosemary
Bioavailability
- General
Not all phenolics including flavonoids are absorbed in their native forms. Esterification of phenolic acids (e.g. chlorogenic acid), for example, reduces absorption. Non-absorbed flavonoids are transported to the colon, and subjected to metabolism by microbiota. During absorption, polyphenols are metabolized to form β-glucuronide and sulfate conjugates (phase II conjugation in the intestinal wall), and catechol units are methylated. C-glycosides such as puerarin remain stable and not conjugated. These metabolized forms show markedly different bioactivities from their aglycones.
- Isoflavones
Isoflavones are efficiently absorbed from the colon and exhibit the highest bioavailability. (Usually polyphenols absorbed from the colon show very low availability.) Daidzein and genistein are known to form chlorinated products (e.g. 3- and 8-chlorodaidzein), then are conjugated with glucuronides and excreted in bile.
- Anthocyanins
Although anthocyanins comprise ca 50% of total polyphenols, they are poorly absorbed (less than 1% of intake in urinary levels) from the stomach ｄand small intestine. After intake, they soon appear in plasma and urine. In blood, only anthocyanins exist in a non-conjugated form. Their glucuronides and sulfo-conjugated forms also appear in early blood sample (0-6 h) and methylated forms occur later (6-24 h)[1][2]
- Flavan
Flavan 3-ols and phenolic acids are efficiently abosrbed from the small instestine, a few hours after intake.
- ↑ Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ, Wang J (2004) "Anthocyanin metabolites in human urine and serum" Br J Nutr 91:933-42
- ↑ Kay CD, Mazza G, Holub BJ (2005) "Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites: a study of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cyanidin 3-glycosides in humans" J Nutr 135:2582-8
Bioavailability Data
| Flavonoid | Dose | Observation |
|---|---|---|
| catechin[1] | 5.8 g | 26% was excreted within 24h. m-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid was detected in plasma after 6h |
| 3-O-methyl-catechin[2] | 2 g | plasma level 11-18 ug/ml within 2h; 38% was excreted as glucuronides and sulphates in urine within 120h |
| quercetin[3] | 64 mg (as fried onion) | plasma level 1 uM, 2h later |
| quercetin[4] | 4 g (as supplement) | undetected in urine or plasma |
| decaffeinated green tea[5] | 88 mg EGCG, 82 mg EGC, 33 mg ECG, and 32 mg EC | plasma level 46-268 ng/ml, 82-206 ng/ml, undetected, and 40-80 ng/ml, respectively. |
- ↑ Das NP (1971) Biochem Pharmacol 20, 3435-3445
- ↑ Hackett AM, Griffiths LA, Wermeille M (1985) Xenobiotica 15, 907-914
- ↑ Hollman PCH et al (1995) Am J Clin Nutr 62, 1276-1282; Hollman PCH et al (1996) Free Rad Biol Med 21, 703-707
- ↑ Gugler R, Leshik M, Dengler HV (1975) Eur J Clin Pharmacol 9, 229-234
- ↑ Lee MT et al (1995) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 41,393-399
