Index:PSA/Medicinal

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{{PlantIndex/Header}}
 
{{PlantIndex/Header}}
 
=[http://www.plantzafrica.com Medicinal Plants of South Africa] by South African National Biodiversity Institute=
 
=[http://www.plantzafrica.com Medicinal Plants of South Africa] by South African National Biodiversity Institute=
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
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! Symbol || Parts Used
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|-
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| L(f/d) || fresh or dried leaves (and smaller stems)
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|-
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| R(f/d) || fresh or dried rhizome and root
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|-
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| T(f/d) || fresh or dried tuber
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|-
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| A(f/d) || fresh or dried aerial parts (overground leaves)
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|-
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| F(f/d) || fresh or dried flowering tops
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|-
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| B(f/d) || fresh or dried bark
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|}
  
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
! PSA Page || Family || Genus<br/>(our page) || Synonyms || Parts used || Major chemical constituents || Bioactivity
 
! PSA Page || Family || Genus<br/>(our page) || Synonyms || Parts used || Major chemical constituents || Bioactivity
 
{{#repeatnum:Link/PSAMedicinal/Row|1|
 
{{#repeatnum:Link/PSAMedicinal/Row|1|
&&agathosmabetulina.pdf&&Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f.<br/>Hartogia betulina Berg.&&leafy twigs, occasional flowers may be present; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene, rutin, diosmin, menthone/isomenthone, (ψ) -diosphenol/diosphenol, pulegone/isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-ones&&weak antimicrobial , smooth muscle spasmogenic , antimutagenic , antiinflammatory (diosmin)
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&&agathosmabetulina.pdf&&Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f.<br/>Hartogia betulina Berg.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene; rutin; diosmin; menthone; isomenthone; (psi) -diosphenol; diosphenol; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one&&weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema, for diosmin)
&&agathosmacrenulata.pdf&&Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma crenulata Hook.<br/>Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd.&&leafy twigs; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene, menthone/isomenthone, pulegone/isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-ones&&weak antimicrobial , smooth muscle spasmogenic  
+
&&agathosmacrenulata.pdf&&Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma crenulata Hook.<br/>Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene; menthone; isomenthone; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one&&weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2)
&&alepideaatym.pdf&&Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.&&Apiaceae&&none&&fresh rhizome with adhering roots; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous&&kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&antimicrobial , antihypertensive , diuretic cytotoxic , antiviral  
+
&&alepideaatym.pdf&&Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous)&&kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2)
&&arctopusechinatus.pdf&&Arctopus echinatus L.&&Apiaceae&&none&&fresh or dried root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry&&saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&no formal pharmacological studies
+
&&arctopusechinatus.pdf&&Arctopus echinatus L.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry&&saponins; reducing sugars; kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&no data
&&artemisiaafra.pdf&&Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.&&Asteraceae&&none&&fresh or dried material comprising leaves, smaller stems, and flowers; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter&&saponins, tannins, triterpenes (e.g. alpha- and beta-amyrin, friedelin), alkanes ceryl cerotinate, n-nonacosane, 2 luteolin methyl ethers, sesquiterpene lactones (10 guaianolides and 5 glaucolides), alpha- and beta-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha-pinene&&antihistaminic, narcotic analgesic, antimicrobial , antioxidant, weak antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-nematodal, cytotoxic, antiviral
+
&&artemisiaafra.pdf&&Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.&&Asteraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter&&saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, friedelin); alkanes ceryl cerotinate; n-nonacosane; luteolin methyl ethers; sesquiterpene lactones; alpha- and beta-thujone; 1,8-cineole; camphor; alpha-pinene&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse)
&&asclepfruit.pdf&&Asclepias fruticosa L.&&Asclepiadaceae&&none&&fresh bundles of leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter&&glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid)&&antihypertensive, cardiac, uterotonic, antihypertensive
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&&asclepfruit.pdf&&Asclepias fruticosa L.&&Asclepiadaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter&&glycosides of the cardenolide; pregnanes type (e.g. beta-hydroxygomphoside); monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose); monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid)&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli); uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic
&&ballotafric.pdf&&Ballota africana (L.) Benth.&&Lamiaceae&&Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth&&fresh or dried material comprising leaves and smaller stems together with occasional flowers and fruits; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy&&saponins, tannins, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin), flavonoids, pyrrolidine-type alkaloids&&expectorant (premarrubiin), cardioactive and antiarrythmic (marrubiin), antiviral, cytotoxic
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&&ballotafric.pdf&&Ballota africana (L.) Benth.&&Lamiaceae&&Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy&&saponins; tannins; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin); flavonoids; pyrrolidine-type alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); stimulation the flow of bile (rat, for premarrubiin, for marrubic acid derived from premarrubiin); antiarrythmic (for marrubiin derived from premarrubiin)
&&buddlejasaligna.pdf&&Buddleja saligna Willd.&&Buddlejaceae&&Chilianthus olearaceus Burch.&&bundles of leafy twigs; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids&&no formal pharmacological studies
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&&buddlejasaligna.pdf&&Buddleja saligna Willd.&&Buddlejaceae&&Chilianthus olearaceus Burch.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside); lignans; neolignans; alkaloids; iridoids; acetylated iridoids; sesquiterpenoids; flavonoids&&no data
&&bulbinefrut.pdf&&Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.&&Asphodelaceae&&Bulbine caulescens L<br/>Bulbine rostrata Willd.&&fresh leaf, root and rhizome&&knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside&&no formal pharmacological studies
+
&&bulbinefrut.pdf&&Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.&&Asphodelaceae&&Bulbine caulescens L<br/>Bulbine rostrata Willd.&&fresh leaves&&knipholone; isoknipholone; gaboroquinone A; gaboroquinone B; demethylknipholone glucoside&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis)
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&&carpobrotacina.pdf&&Carpobrotus acinaciformis L.&&Aizoaceae&&Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus<br/>Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acids; malic acid; mesembrine&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1)
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&&carpobrotedu.pdf&&Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol.&&Aizoaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acid; malic acid; flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside, catechin); ferulic acid; catechol tannins&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, for rutin, for neohesperidin, for hyperoside, for catechin, for ferulic acid); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&chironbac.pdf&&Chironia baccifera L.&&Gentianaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh&&saponins; tannins; secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside); triterpenes; oleanolic acid&&no data
 +
&&cissampcap.pdf&&Cissampelos capensis L. f.&&Menispermaceae&&Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels<br/>Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels<br/>Cissampelos fruticosa L.f.<br/>Cissampelos humilis Poir.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft&&alkaloids; saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; benzylisoquinolines; bisbenzylisoquinolines (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine); diterpenes; triterpenes&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&cliffortfer.pdf&&Cliffortia ferruginea L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins; tannins&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
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&&cliffortodor.pdf&&Cliffortia odorata L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb.<br/>Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv.&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins; tannins; triterpenes&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality
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&&conyzascab.pdf&&Conyza scabrida DC.&&Asteraceae&&Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less.<br/>Baccharis ivaefolia L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&saponins; tannins; cardiac glycosides; diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic acid, printziaic acid)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus)
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&&cotyledorbic.pdf&&Cotyledon orbiculata L.&&Crassulaceae&&no data&&fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy&&orbicusides A; orbicusides B; orbicusides C; tyledoside D&&no data (orbicusides are probably responsible)
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&&dodanaugust.pdf&&Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.&&Sapindaceae&&Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk.<br/>Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder<br/>Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery&&saponins; tannins; quinones; triterpene; diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid); flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'- (3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone); flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin)&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat); brine shrimp lethality
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&&elytraprhino.pdf&&Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L. f.) Less.&&Asteraceae&&Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f.&&fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides; rhinocerotinoic acid&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic
 +
&&eriocephafric.pdf&&Eriocephalus africanus L.<br/>Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. africanus<br/>Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. Paniculatus&&Asteraceae&&Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic&&tannins; sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4,11-eudesmanediol, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane; ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality; antispasmodic (for 4,11-eudesmanediol); haemostatic (for tannin)
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&&eucleundulata.pdf&&Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern<br/>Euclea undulata Thunb. var. undulata&&Ebenaceae&&Euclea myrtina Burch.<br/>Euclea undulata Thunb.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; triterpenoids; aliphatics; napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin); &&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&galeniaafric.pdf&&Galenia africana L.&&Aizoaceae&&Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic&&alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&geraniumincan.pdf&&Geranium incanum Burm. f.<br/>Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. incanum<br/>Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard and Burtt&&Geraniaceae&&Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. b.<br/>Geranium multifidum Sweet&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft&&saponins; tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin)&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS, for tannin); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)
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&&gunnerapers.pdf&&Gunnera perpensa L.&&Gunneraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy&&celastrin&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli); uterotonic (rat uterine smooth muscle)
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&&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn.<br/>Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens<br/>Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn. subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. E. K. Hartmann.&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. harpagoside, harpagide, procumbide); sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides); triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol); aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid); flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&reduction of thromboxane B2 synthesis (for harpagoside); antiinflammatory (rat, mouse, human); cardiovascular (for harpagoside, for harpagide); antiarrhythmic (for harpagoside, for harpagide); pharmacokinetic (human, for harpagoside); treatment of non-specific lower back pain (human, for harpagoside)
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&&helichryspat.pdf&&Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don&&Asteraceae&&Gnaphalium patulum L.<br/>Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv.<br/>Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&tannins; flavonoids; diterpenes; acylphloroglucinol; alpha-pyrone; sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&helichryspetiolar.pdf&&Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et B. L. Burtt&&Asteraceae&&Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft&&flavonoids; phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin); sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene); alpha-pyrone derivatives; diterpenes&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality
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&&hippiafrut.pdf&&Hippia frutescens (L.) L.&&Asteraceae&&Tanacetum frutescens L.&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy&&saponins; tannins; alkaloids; camphor; trans beta-farnesene; linalool; linalool acetate; terpenen-4-ol; alpha-terpineol&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans)
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&&hypoxisradix.pdf&&Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. et C. A. Mey.&&Hypoxidaceae&&Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore&&fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly&&hypoxoside; beta-sitosterol; sterolins; monoterpene glycosides; cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside)&&no toxicity (mouse, rabbit, for hypoxoside); no foetotoxic (mouse); no teratogenic (mouse); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouse)
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&&leonotleon.pdf&&Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.&&Lamiaceae&&Phlomis leonurus L.<br/>Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. var. albiflor&&dried aerial parts; colour bright yellow-green; odour characteristic-aromatic, pungent; texture rough&&saponins; tannins; quinones; alkaloids; triterpene steroids; diterpenoid labdane lactones (e.g. premarrubiin, marrubiin)&&antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); no antiamoebic; no molluscicidal (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus); anticonvulsant (mouse); no antiphage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T-7, T2, T4, OPS7); antifertility (rat); uterotonic; antiimplantation; no brine shrimp lethality
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&&leonotocym.pdf&&Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson&&Lamiaceae&&Phlomis ocymifolia Burm. f.&&leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic-aromatic; texture soft&&saponins; tannins; alkaloids; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. leonitin)&&no data
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&&leysergnaph.pdf&&Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L.&&Asteraceae&&Asteropterus dinteri Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus gnaphalodes (L.) Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus gracilis Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus incanus Rothm.<br/>Callisia gnaphalodes L.<br/>Leysera incana Thunb.<br/>Leysera tenuifolia Salisb.&&fresh or dried leaves and stems; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft&&tannins; alkaloids; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); benzofuran derivatives; diterpenes (e.g. labdane, kaurene derivatives)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans)
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&&lobostemfrut.pdf&&Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H. Buek&&Boraginaceae&&Echium fruticosum L.<br/>Echium obovatum (DC.) I. M. Johnston<br/>Lobostemon lasiophyllus DC.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour blue-green; odour no perceptible; texture rough-leathery&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; polysaccharides&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
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&&melianthcom.pdf&&Melianthus comosus Vahl&&Melianthaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull yellow-green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture rough and leathery&&saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); bufadienolides (e.g melianthusigenin)&&antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa); antitumour (mouse); cytotoxicity (CA-9KB); toxicity (mouse colon carcinoma, mouse leukaemia)
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&&melianthmajor.pdf&&Melianthus major L.&&Melianthaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour blue green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture smooth and pliable&&saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. cyclolaudenol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, quercetaroic-30-caffeate); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, daucosterol)&&antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
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&&menthlong.pdf&&Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq.&&Lamiaceae&&Mentha capensis Thunb.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq.<br/>Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina Burch ex Benth.<br/>Mentha sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq.&&dried aerial parts; colour dull green; odour characteristic spearmint-like&&saponins; tannins; flavonoids (e.g. acacetin, hesperidin, luteolin, apigenin glucuronides); monoterpene ketone carvone; piperitenone; piperitone; pulegone&&antimicrobial (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans); no antimicrobial (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida vaginalis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis); weak mutagenic (Salmonella typhimurium); no cytotoxicity (V79); gastrointestinal motility (mouse); no antioxidant; toxicity (for pulegone, no data for whole herb)
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&&nylandspin.pdf&&Nylandtia spinosa (L.) Dumort.<br/>Mundia spinosa (L.) DC<br/>Nylandtia scoparia (Eckl. et Zeyher) Goldblatt et J. C. Manning.&&Polygalaceae&&no data&&flowering tops; odour faint pleasant; texture stiff, thorny&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides&&no data
 +
&&ocoteabull.pdf&&Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill.&&Lauraceae&&no data&&dried bark; colour grey (outer surface) and red-brown (inner surface) when young, becoming dark grey-brown (outer surface) and light grey-brown (inner surface); odour pleasant, characteristic-aromatic&&tannins; neolignans (e.g. ocobullenone, iso-ocobullenone, sibyllenone, neolignan ketone)&&antiinflammatory (for ocobullenone, for sibyllinone); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli)
 +
&&oleaeuropafric.pdf&&Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P. S. Green&&Oleaceae&&Olea africana Mill.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; texture leathery; colour grey-green to grey-brown; odour faintly aromatic; taste extremely astringent&&saponins; tannins; alkaloids (cinchonine, cinchonidine); flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol); triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, oleanolic acid); monoterpenes (e.g. oleuropein and oleacein)&&antimicrobial (Mycobacterium tuberculosus); no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Salmonella typhi); antiviral (HIV-1); hypoglycaemic (rat); antiarrhythmic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); inotropic (rabbit); spasmolytic (guinea pig, rat, rabbit); positive chronotropic (rabbit); antihypercholesterolaemic (rat); cardio-vascular (for oleuropein, for oleacein); antihypertensive (rat); diuretic (human, rat); antiinflammatory (rat); glutathione S-transferase induction (mouse)
 +
&&oncosiphsuf.pdf&&Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Kallersjo&&Asteraceae&&Cotula tanacetifolia L.<br/>Pentzia suffruticosa (L.) Hutch. ex Merxm.<br/>Pentzia tanacetifolia (L.) Hutch.<br/>Tanacetum suffruticosum L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour dark green; odour pungent aromatic; texture sticky; taste bitter, acrid&&sesquiterpene lactones (fulvenoguaianolides, glaucolides and germacranolides); C14-acetylenic compounds; monoterpene derivatives&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
 +
&&osmitaster.pdf&&Osmitopsis asteriscoides (P. J. Bergius) Less.&&Asteraceae&&Leucanthemum asteriscoides (L.) Kuntze<br/>Osmites asteriscoides Berg.<br/>Osmitopsis asteriscoides (L.) Cass.<br/>Osmitopsis calva Gand.&&fresh or dried leavesstem; colour light yellow-green; odour camphoraceous; texture leathery&&tannins; guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones; seco-guaiane derivative; epimeric menthene derivatives; camphor; 1,8-cineole&&antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); decongestant (for 1,8-cineole); rubefacient (for camphor)
 +
&&pelargbetul.pdf&&Pelargonium betulinum (L.) L'Her.&&Geraniaceae&&Pelargonium georgense Knuth&&fresh or dried leaves, smaller stems and flowers; colour red brown; odour pleasantly aromatic, camphor-like&&saponins; tannins; coumarins (e.g. umckalin, umckalin-7-glucoside, scopoletin)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
 +
&&pelargcucull.pdf&&Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her.&&Geraniaceae&&Pelargonium angulosum (Mill.) L'Her.<br/>Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. tabulare.<br/>Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. strigifolium<br/>Pelargonium acerifolium (Mill.) L'Her.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic aromatic; texture soft to rough&&saponins; tannins; coumarins; flavonoids; lignans&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Aspergillus niger); weak antioxidant (beta-carotene); inhibition of the contraction (guinea pig ileum)
 +
&&pelarggross.pdf&&Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L'Her.&&Geraniaceae&&Pelargonium anceps L'Her.<br/>Pelargonium filicaule Knuth&&fresh or dried overground parts; odour characteristic aromatic, texture soft&&saponins; tannins; myrcene; p-cymene; limonen; fenchone; isomenthone; geraniol; linalool; menthone; alpha-terpineol; citronellol; neral; geranial; methyl eugenol; phenylethyl isobutyrate; geranylbutyrate; phenylethyl tiglate; caryophyllene oxide; geranyl tiglate&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans); promotion of the contraction (guinea pig ileum, rat uterus, rat diaphragm); negative ionotropic (rabbit); spasmogenic (rat)
 +
&&pelargpeltat.pdf&&Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her.&&Geraniaceae&&Pelargonium lateripes L'Her.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh, light brown-beige after drying; odour pleasant faintly aromatic; taste astringent&&saponins; tannins (e.g. pelargoniin); reducing sugars; organic acids (e.g. malic acid, citric acids, oxalic acids, succinic acids, tartaric acids); potassium oxalate&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T2, T4, T7, OPS7)
 +
&&pelargtrist.pdf&&Pelargonium triste (L.) L'Her.&&Geraniaceae&&Pelargonium flavum L. Ait.&&fresh or dried tuber; colour bright red-maroon when fresh; odour agreeable clove-like; taste astringent&&saponins; tannins; coumarins (e.g. umckalin, umckalin-7-glucoside, scopoletin)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); astringent (for tannin)
 +
&&peucedgalban.pdf&&Peucedanum galbanum (L.) Drude&&Apiaceae&&Bubon galbanum L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour yellow-green; odour characteristic aromatic; texture soft to slightly leathery&&saponins; tannins; p–cymene; xanthotoxin; trans-beta-ocimene; nonane-4-one; psoralen; furanocoumarins (e.g. xanthotoxin, psoralen, bergapten, isopimpinellin, imperatorin)&&phototoxic (for xanthotoxin, for psoralen, for bergapten, for isopimpinellin, for imperatorin, no data for whole herb); mutagenic (for xanthotoxin, for psoralen, for bergapten, for isopimpinellin, for imperatorin, no data for whole herb)
 +
&&prunusafric.pdf&&Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman&&Rosaceae&&Pygeum africanum Hook. f.&&dried bark; colour red-brown on the inner surface, grey-black on the outer surface, deep red-brown on powdered drug&&amygdalin; phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside, beta-sitostenone, campesterol, daucosterol); pentacyclic triterpenoids; long chain aliphatic alcohols (e.g. n-docosanol, n-tetracosanol); long chain (C12-C22) fatty acids (e.g. palmitic acid); trans-ferulic acid esters&&antiinflammatory (for phytosterol, for triterpene); antioestrogen (for phytosterol); anti-oedema (for triterpene); hypocholesterolaemic (for ferulic acid ester); inhibition of 5alpha-reductase; inhibition of aromatase; inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase; inhibiton of glucosyl transferase; inhibiton of beta-glucuronidase
 +
&&salviaafriclut.pdf&&Salvia africana-lutea L.&&Lamiaceae&&Salvia aurea L.<br/>Salvia eckloniana Benth.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey-green; odour pungently aromatic; texture leathery&&tannins; alkaloids; triterpene steroids; quinones&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality; antipyretic (rat); analgesic (mouse)
 +
&&salviacaerul.pdf&&Salvia africana-caerulea L.&&Lamiaceae&&Salvia africana L.<br/>Salvia lanuginosa Burm. f.<br/>Salvia undulata Benth.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey-green; odour pungently aromatic; texture rough&&saponins; tannins; cyanogenic glycosides; cardiac glycosides; &&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
 +
&&salviachamae.pdf&&Salvia chamelaeagnea P. J. Bergius&&Lamiaceae&&Salvia paniculata L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour dull green; odour characteristic pungently aromatic; texture rough leathery&&tannins&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS)
 +
&&scelettort.pdf&&Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown&&Aizoaceae&&Sceletium compactum L. Bolus<br/>Sceletium framesii L. Bolus<br/>Sceletium joubertii L. Bolus&&fermented and dried overground parts; colour bright green when fresh, light brown when dry&&alkaloids (e.g. mesembrenone; 4'-O-demethylmesembrenol, tortuosamine); oxalates (e.g. calcium oxalate)&&analgesic (toothache, stomach pains); anxiolytic; inhibition of serotonin-uptake
 +
&&siphonaethiop.pdf&&Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B. L. Burtt&&Zingiberaceae&&Kaempferia aethiopica (Schweinf.) Benth.<br/>Kaempferia ethelae J. M. Wood&&fresh or dried sliced rhizome; light brown when fresh; odour aromatic&&alpha-terpineol; sesquiterpene&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); decongestant; prostaglandin-inhibitory
 +
&&stachysaethiop.pdf&&Stachys aethiopica L.&&Lamiaceae&&Stachys aethiopica L. var. hispidissima Benth.<br/>Stachys aethiopica L. var. parviflora Skan<br/>Stachys attenuata Skan<br/>Stachys capensis Presl.<br/>Stachys fruticeticorum Briq.<br/>Stachys harveyi Skan<br/>Stachys hispidula Hochst.<br/>Stachys serrulata Burch. ex Benth.&&fresh or dried aerial parts; odour characteristic aromatic-pungent; texture softly hairy&&saponins; tannins&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
 +
&&stoebeplum.pdf&&Stoebe plumose(L.) Thunb.&&Asteraceae&&Seriphium plumosum L.<br/>Seriphium cinerea Thunb. var. plumosa (Less.) Harv.&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour grey-white felted; odour pleasant aromatic; texture springy&&tannins; alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
 +
&&sutherlfrut.pdf&&Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br.&&Fabaceae&&Colutea frutescens L.&&fresh or dried above-ground parts; colour grey-green on the leaves, green flushed with red on the fruits; odour slightly aromatic; taste characteristic bitter&&tannins; canavanine&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antitumour (CA-Lewis lung, Leuk-L1210, Sarcoma 180); no cytotoxicity (CA-9KB)
 +
&&tarchonanthcamp.pdf&&Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.&&Asteraceae&&Tarchonanthus abyssinicus Sch. Bip.<br/>Tarchonanthus camphoratus var. litakunensis (DC.) Harv.<br/>Tarchonanthus minor Less.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint camphoraceous; texture coarse-leathery&&saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; alpha-fenchyl alcohol; 1,8-cineole; alpha-terpineol; camphor; flavones (e.g. luteolin, apigenin, nepetin, hispidulin); sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. parthenolide)&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat)
 +
&&tetradenrip.pdf&&Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd.&&Lamiaceae&&Iboza bainesii N. E. Br.<br/>Iboza galpinii N. E. Br.<br/>Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br.<br/>Moschosma riparium Hochst.&&fresh or dried leaf and smaller stems; odour pleasant, highly aromatic; texture soft&&diterpenes (e.g. ibozol, 7alpha-hydroxyroyleanone, 8 (14) ,15-sandaracopimaradiene-7alpha,18-diol); alpha-pyrones (e.g. umuravumbolide, tetradenolide); phytosterols; alpha-terpineol; fenchone; beta-fenchyl alcohol; beta-caryophyllene; perillyl alcohol&&antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, for diterpenes); no antimicrobial (Klebsiella pneumoniae); no antiviral (Coxsackie, polio, measles, Semliki-Forest); antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antispasmodic (guinea pig ileum, rabbit aorta, for 8 (14) ,15-sandaracopimaradiene-7alpha,18-diol); uterine muscle relaxation (non-pregnant guinea pig); smooth muscle relaxation (guinea pig ileum); no skeletal muscle relaxation (toad rectus abdominis); no hypertensive (rabbit); no hypotensive (rabbit); toxicity (mouse, for root and fruit); no toxicity (mouse, for leaf or stem); no insecticidal; no acaricidal
 +
&&tulbaghali.pdf&&Tulbaghia alliacea L. f.<br/>Tulbaghia capensis L.&&Alliaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried subterranean organs; colour cream; odour very strong sulphurous; texture crisp fleshy&&no data&&antimicrobial (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus); cytotoxicity (Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no markedly cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero); no antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)
 +
&&warburgsal.pdf&&Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.&&Canellaceae&&Warburgia breyeri Pott.<br/>Warburgia ugandensis Sprague<br/>Chibaca salutaris Bertl. f.&&dried bark; colour grey-brown when young, grey-brown to cream-brown when older; odour aromatic; taste bitter and peppery&&tannins; mannitol; drimane sesquiterpenes (e.g. warburganal, polygodial, salutarisolide, muzigadial, ugandensidial, isopolygodial, mukaadial)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida utilis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, for warburganal, for  polygodial, for muzigadial); insect antifeedant (for drimane sesquiterpene); skin irritant (for drimane sesquiterpene); haemolytic (for warburganal); enhancement (actinomycin D, rifampicin, for polygodial); toxicity; no antimalarial; cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS, for warburganal); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); no antigiardiasis (Giardia lamblia); molluscicidal (Bulinus africanus, for drimane sesquiterpene)
 
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Latest revision as of 17:38, 9 April 2012

General Index Orders Families Image Links Edibility

[edit] Medicinal Plants of South Africa by South African National Biodiversity Institute

Symbol Parts Used
L(f/d) fresh or dried leaves (and smaller stems)
R(f/d) fresh or dried rhizome and root
T(f/d) fresh or dried tuber
A(f/d) fresh or dried aerial parts (overground leaves)
F(f/d) fresh or dried flowering tops
B(f/d) fresh or dried bark
PSA Page Family Genus
(our page)
Synonyms Parts used Major chemical constituents Bioactivity
Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans Rutaceae Agathosma Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f.
Hartogia betulina Berg.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry limonene; rutin; diosmin; menthone; isomenthone; (psi) -diosphenol; diosphenol; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema, for diosmin)
Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans Rutaceae Agathosma Barosma crenulata Hook.
Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry limonene; menthone; isomenthone; pulegone; isopulegone; cis-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one; trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2)
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh. Apiaceae Alepidea no data fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous) kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2)
Arctopus echinatus L. Apiaceae Arctopus no data fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry saponins; reducing sugars; kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) no data
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. Asteraceae Artemisia no data fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, friedelin); alkanes ceryl cerotinate; n-nonacosane; luteolin methyl ethers; sesquiterpene lactones; alpha- and beta-thujone; 1,8-cineole; camphor; alpha-pinene antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse)
Asclepias fruticosa L. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias no data fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter glycosides of the cardenolide; pregnanes type (e.g. beta-hydroxygomphoside); monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose); monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid) no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli); uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic
Ballota africana (L.) Benth. Lamiaceae Ballota Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy saponins; tannins; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin); flavonoids; pyrrolidine-type alkaloids no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); stimulation the flow of bile (rat, for premarrubiin, for marrubic acid derived from premarrubiin); antiarrythmic (for marrubiin derived from premarrubiin)
Buddleja saligna Willd. Buddlejaceae Buddleja Chilianthus olearaceus Burch. fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside); lignans; neolignans; alkaloids; iridoids; acetylated iridoids; sesquiterpenoids; flavonoids no data
Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. Asphodelaceae Bulbine Bulbine caulescens L
Bulbine rostrata Willd.
fresh leaves knipholone; isoknipholone; gaboroquinone A; gaboroquinone B; demethylknipholone glucoside no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis)
Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. Aizoaceae Carpobrotus Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus
Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus
fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent citric acids; malic acid; mesembrine antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1)
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol. Aizoaceae Carpobrotus no data fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent citric acid; malic acid; flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside, catechin); ferulic acid; catechol tannins antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, for rutin, for neohesperidin, for hyperoside, for catechin, for ferulic acid); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Chironia baccifera L. Gentianaceae Chironia no data fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh saponins; tannins; secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside); triterpenes; oleanolic acid no data
Cissampelos capensis L. f. Menispermaceae Cissampelos Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels
Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels
Cissampelos fruticosa L.f.
Cissampelos humilis Poir.
fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft alkaloids; saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; benzylisoquinolines; bisbenzylisoquinolines (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine); diterpenes; triterpenes no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Cliffortia ferruginea L. f. Rosaceae Cliffortia Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam.
Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv.
Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.
Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.
Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery saponins; tannins weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Cliffortia odorata L. f. Rosaceae Cliffortia Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb.
Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv.
fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery saponins; tannins; triterpenes antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality
Conyza scabrida DC. Asteraceae Conyza Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less.
Baccharis ivaefolia L.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft saponins; tannins; cardiac glycosides; diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic acid, printziaic acid) no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus)
Cotyledon orbiculata L. Crassulaceae Cotyledon no data fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy orbicusides A; orbicusides B; orbicusides C; tyledoside D no data (orbicusides are probably responsible)
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. Sapindaceae Dodonaea Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk.
Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth.
fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery saponins; tannins; quinones; triterpene; diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid); flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'- (3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone); flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin) no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat); brine shrimp lethality
Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L. f.) Less. Asteraceae Elytropappus Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f. fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides; rhinocerotinoic acid antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic
Eriocephalus africanus L.
Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. africanus
Eriocephalus africanus L. subsp. Paniculatus
Asteraceae Eriocephalus Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC. fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic tannins; sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4,11-eudesmanediol, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane; ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality; antispasmodic (for 4,11-eudesmanediol); haemostatic (for tannin)
Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern
Euclea undulata Thunb. var. undulata
Ebenaceae Euclea Euclea myrtina Burch.
Euclea undulata Thunb.
fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; triterpenoids; aliphatics; napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Galenia africana L. Aizoaceae Galenia Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic alkaloids no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Geranium incanum Burm. f.
Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. incanum
Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard and Burtt
Geraniaceae Geranium Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. b.
Geranium multifidum Sweet
fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft saponins; tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin) weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS, for tannin); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)
Gunnera perpensa L. Gunneraceae Gunnera no data fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy celastrin no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli); uterotonic (rat uterine smooth muscle)
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn.
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens
Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn. subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. E. K. Hartmann.
Pedaliaceae Harpagophytum Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.
Uncaria procumbens Burch
dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter Iridoid glycosides (e.g. harpagoside, harpagide, procumbide); sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides); triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol); aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid); flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol) reduction of thromboxane B2 synthesis (for harpagoside); antiinflammatory (rat, mouse, human); cardiovascular (for harpagoside, for harpagide); antiarrhythmic (for harpagoside, for harpagide); pharmacokinetic (human, for harpagoside); treatment of non-specific lower back pain (human, for harpagoside)
Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don Asteraceae Helichrysum Gnaphalium patulum L.
Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv.
Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft tannins; flavonoids; diterpenes; acylphloroglucinol; alpha-pyrone; sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives) antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et B. L. Burtt Asteraceae Helichrysum Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC. fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft flavonoids; phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin); sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene); alpha-pyrone derivatives; diterpenes no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality
Hippia frutescens (L.) L. Asteraceae Hippia Tanacetum frutescens L. fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy saponins; tannins; alkaloids; camphor; trans beta-farnesene; linalool; linalool acetate; terpenen-4-ol; alpha-terpineol antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans)
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. et C. A. Mey. Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly hypoxoside; beta-sitosterol; sterolins; monoterpene glycosides; cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside) no toxicity (mouse, rabbit, for hypoxoside); no foetotoxic (mouse); no teratogenic (mouse); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouse)
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. Lamiaceae Leonotis Phlomis leonurus L.
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. var. albiflor
dried aerial parts; colour bright yellow-green; odour characteristic-aromatic, pungent; texture rough saponins; tannins; quinones; alkaloids; triterpene steroids; diterpenoid labdane lactones (e.g. premarrubiin, marrubiin) antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); no antiamoebic; no molluscicidal (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus); anticonvulsant (mouse); no antiphage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T-7, T2, T4, OPS7); antifertility (rat); uterotonic; antiimplantation; no brine shrimp lethality
Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson Lamiaceae Leonotis Phlomis ocymifolia Burm. f. leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic-aromatic; texture soft saponins; tannins; alkaloids; labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. leonitin) no data
Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. Asteraceae Leysera Asteropterus dinteri Rothm.
Asteropterus gnaphalodes (L.) Rothm.
Asteropterus gracilis Rothm.
Asteropterus incanus Rothm.
Callisia gnaphalodes L.
Leysera incana Thunb.
Leysera tenuifolia Salisb.
fresh or dried leaves and stems; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft tannins; alkaloids; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); benzofuran derivatives; diterpenes (e.g. labdane, kaurene derivatives) no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans)
Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H. Buek Boraginaceae Lobostemon Echium fruticosum L.
Echium obovatum (DC.) I. M. Johnston
Lobostemon lasiophyllus DC.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour blue-green; odour no perceptible; texture rough-leathery saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; polysaccharides no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Melianthus comosus Vahl Melianthaceae Melianthus no data fresh or dried leaves; colour dull yellow-green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture rough and leathery saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid); bufadienolides (e.g melianthusigenin) antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa); antitumour (mouse); cytotoxicity (CA-9KB); toxicity (mouse colon carcinoma, mouse leukaemia)
Melianthus major L. Melianthaceae Melianthus no data fresh or dried leaves; colour blue green; odour characteristic unpleasant; texture smooth and pliable saponins; tannins; triterpenes (e.g. cyclolaudenol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, quercetaroic-30-caffeate); phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, daucosterol) antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq.
Lamiaceae Mentha Mentha capensis Thunb.
Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.
Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke
Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq.
Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq.
Mentha longifolia (L.).L. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina Burch ex Benth.
Mentha sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq.
dried aerial parts; colour dull green; odour characteristic spearmint-like saponins; tannins; flavonoids (e.g. acacetin, hesperidin, luteolin, apigenin glucuronides); monoterpene ketone carvone; piperitenone; piperitone; pulegone antimicrobial (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans); no antimicrobial (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida stellatoidea, Candida vaginalis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium smegmatis); weak mutagenic (Salmonella typhimurium); no cytotoxicity (V79); gastrointestinal motility (mouse); no antioxidant; toxicity (for pulegone, no data for whole herb)
Nylandtia spinosa (L.) Dumort.
Mundia spinosa (L.) DC
Nylandtia scoparia (Eckl. et Zeyher) Goldblatt et J. C. Manning.
Polygalaceae Nylandtia no data flowering tops; odour faint pleasant; texture stiff, thorny saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; cardiac glycosides no data
Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill. Lauraceae Ocotea no data dried bark; colour grey (outer surface) and red-brown (inner surface) when young, becoming dark grey-brown (outer surface) and light grey-brown (inner surface); odour pleasant, characteristic-aromatic tannins; neolignans (e.g. ocobullenone, iso-ocobullenone, sibyllenone, neolignan ketone) antiinflammatory (for ocobullenone, for sibyllinone); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli)
Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P. S. Green Oleaceae Olea Olea africana Mill. fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; texture leathery; colour grey-green to grey-brown; odour faintly aromatic; taste extremely astringent saponins; tannins; alkaloids (cinchonine, cinchonidine); flavonoids (e.g. apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol); triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, oleanolic acid); monoterpenes (e.g. oleuropein and oleacein) antimicrobial (Mycobacterium tuberculosus); no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Salmonella typhi); antiviral (HIV-1); hypoglycaemic (rat); antiarrhythmic (rat); antihypertensive (rat); inotropic (rabbit); spasmolytic (guinea pig, rat, rabbit); positive chronotropic (rabbit); antihypercholesterolaemic (rat); cardio-vascular (for oleuropein, for oleacein); antihypertensive (rat); diuretic (human, rat); antiinflammatory (rat); glutathione S-transferase induction (mouse)
Oncosiphon suffruticosum (L.) Kallersjo Asteraceae Oncosiphon Cotula tanacetifolia L.
Pentzia suffruticosa (L.) Hutch. ex Merxm.
Pentzia tanacetifolia (L.) Hutch.
Tanacetum suffruticosum L.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour dark green; odour pungent aromatic; texture sticky; taste bitter, acrid sesquiterpene lactones (fulvenoguaianolides, glaucolides and germacranolides); C14-acetylenic compounds; monoterpene derivatives antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Osmitopsis asteriscoides (P. J. Bergius) Less. Asteraceae Osmitopsis Leucanthemum asteriscoides (L.) Kuntze
Osmites asteriscoides Berg.
Osmitopsis asteriscoides (L.) Cass.
Osmitopsis calva Gand.
fresh or dried leavesstem; colour light yellow-green; odour camphoraceous; texture leathery tannins; guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones; seco-guaiane derivative; epimeric menthene derivatives; camphor; 1,8-cineole antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); decongestant (for 1,8-cineole); rubefacient (for camphor)
Pelargonium betulinum (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Pelargonium Pelargonium georgense Knuth fresh or dried leaves, smaller stems and flowers; colour red brown; odour pleasantly aromatic, camphor-like saponins; tannins; coumarins (e.g. umckalin, umckalin-7-glucoside, scopoletin) antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Pelargonium Pelargonium angulosum (Mill.) L'Her.
Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. tabulare.
Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Her. subsp. strigifolium
Pelargonium acerifolium (Mill.) L'Her.
fresh or dried leaves; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic aromatic; texture soft to rough saponins; tannins; coumarins; flavonoids; lignans antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Aspergillus niger); weak antioxidant (beta-carotene); inhibition of the contraction (guinea pig ileum)
Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Pelargonium Pelargonium anceps L'Her.
Pelargonium filicaule Knuth
fresh or dried overground parts; odour characteristic aromatic, texture soft saponins; tannins; myrcene; p-cymene; limonen; fenchone; isomenthone; geraniol; linalool; menthone; alpha-terpineol; citronellol; neral; geranial; methyl eugenol; phenylethyl isobutyrate; geranylbutyrate; phenylethyl tiglate; caryophyllene oxide; geranyl tiglate antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans); promotion of the contraction (guinea pig ileum, rat uterus, rat diaphragm); negative ionotropic (rabbit); spasmogenic (rat)
Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Pelargonium Pelargonium lateripes L'Her. fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh, light brown-beige after drying; odour pleasant faintly aromatic; taste astringent saponins; tannins (e.g. pelargoniin); reducing sugars; organic acids (e.g. malic acid, citric acids, oxalic acids, succinic acids, tartaric acids); potassium oxalate antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T2, T4, T7, OPS7)
Pelargonium triste (L.) L'Her. Geraniaceae Pelargonium Pelargonium flavum L. Ait. fresh or dried tuber; colour bright red-maroon when fresh; odour agreeable clove-like; taste astringent saponins; tannins; coumarins (e.g. umckalin, umckalin-7-glucoside, scopoletin) antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); astringent (for tannin)
Peucedanum galbanum (L.) Drude Apiaceae Peucedanum Bubon galbanum L. fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour yellow-green; odour characteristic aromatic; texture soft to slightly leathery saponins; tannins; p–cymene; xanthotoxin; trans-beta-ocimene; nonane-4-one; psoralen; furanocoumarins (e.g. xanthotoxin, psoralen, bergapten, isopimpinellin, imperatorin) phototoxic (for xanthotoxin, for psoralen, for bergapten, for isopimpinellin, for imperatorin, no data for whole herb); mutagenic (for xanthotoxin, for psoralen, for bergapten, for isopimpinellin, for imperatorin, no data for whole herb)
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman Rosaceae Prunus Pygeum africanum Hook. f. dried bark; colour red-brown on the inner surface, grey-black on the outer surface, deep red-brown on powdered drug amygdalin; phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside, beta-sitostenone, campesterol, daucosterol); pentacyclic triterpenoids; long chain aliphatic alcohols (e.g. n-docosanol, n-tetracosanol); long chain (C12-C22) fatty acids (e.g. palmitic acid); trans-ferulic acid esters antiinflammatory (for phytosterol, for triterpene); antioestrogen (for phytosterol); anti-oedema (for triterpene); hypocholesterolaemic (for ferulic acid ester); inhibition of 5alpha-reductase; inhibition of aromatase; inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase; inhibiton of glucosyl transferase; inhibiton of beta-glucuronidase
Salvia africana-lutea L. Lamiaceae Salvia Salvia aurea L.
Salvia eckloniana Benth.
fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey-green; odour pungently aromatic; texture leathery tannins; alkaloids; triterpene steroids; quinones antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); brine shrimp lethality; antipyretic (rat); analgesic (mouse)
Salvia africana-caerulea L. Lamiaceae Salvia Salvia africana L.
Salvia lanuginosa Burm. f.
Salvia undulata Benth.
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey-green; odour pungently aromatic; texture rough saponins; tannins; cyanogenic glycosides; cardiac glycosides; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Salvia chamelaeagnea P. J. Bergius Lamiaceae Salvia Salvia paniculata L. fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour dull green; odour characteristic pungently aromatic; texture rough leathery tannins no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS)
Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown Aizoaceae Sceletium Sceletium compactum L. Bolus
Sceletium framesii L. Bolus
Sceletium joubertii L. Bolus
fermented and dried overground parts; colour bright green when fresh, light brown when dry alkaloids (e.g. mesembrenone; 4'-O-demethylmesembrenol, tortuosamine); oxalates (e.g. calcium oxalate) analgesic (toothache, stomach pains); anxiolytic; inhibition of serotonin-uptake
Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B. L. Burtt Zingiberaceae Siphonochilus Kaempferia aethiopica (Schweinf.) Benth.
Kaempferia ethelae J. M. Wood
fresh or dried sliced rhizome; light brown when fresh; odour aromatic alpha-terpineol; sesquiterpene no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); decongestant; prostaglandin-inhibitory
Stachys aethiopica L. Lamiaceae Stachys Stachys aethiopica L. var. hispidissima Benth.
Stachys aethiopica L. var. parviflora Skan
Stachys attenuata Skan
Stachys capensis Presl.
Stachys fruticeticorum Briq.
Stachys harveyi Skan
Stachys hispidula Hochst.
Stachys serrulata Burch. ex Benth.
fresh or dried aerial parts; odour characteristic aromatic-pungent; texture softly hairy saponins; tannins no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Stoebe plumose(L.) Thunb. Asteraceae Stoebe Seriphium plumosum L.
Seriphium cinerea Thunb. var. plumosa (Less.) Harv.
fresh or dried overground parts; colour grey-white felted; odour pleasant aromatic; texture springy tannins; alkaloids no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. Fabaceae Sutherlandia Colutea frutescens L. fresh or dried above-ground parts; colour grey-green on the leaves, green flushed with red on the fruits; odour slightly aromatic; taste characteristic bitter tannins; canavanine antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antitumour (CA-Lewis lung, Leuk-L1210, Sarcoma 180); no cytotoxicity (CA-9KB)
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. Asteraceae Tarchonanthus Tarchonanthus abyssinicus Sch. Bip.
Tarchonanthus camphoratus var. litakunensis (DC.) Harv.
Tarchonanthus minor Less.
fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint camphoraceous; texture coarse-leathery saponins; tannins; reducing sugars; alpha-fenchyl alcohol; 1,8-cineole; alpha-terpineol; camphor; flavones (e.g. luteolin, apigenin, nepetin, hispidulin); sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. parthenolide) no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat)
Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. Lamiaceae Tetradenia Iboza bainesii N. E. Br.
Iboza galpinii N. E. Br.
Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br.
Moschosma riparium Hochst.
fresh or dried leaf and smaller stems; odour pleasant, highly aromatic; texture soft diterpenes (e.g. ibozol, 7alpha-hydroxyroyleanone, 8 (14) ,15-sandaracopimaradiene-7alpha,18-diol); alpha-pyrones (e.g. umuravumbolide, tetradenolide); phytosterols; alpha-terpineol; fenchone; beta-fenchyl alcohol; beta-caryophyllene; perillyl alcohol antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, for diterpenes); no antimicrobial (Klebsiella pneumoniae); no antiviral (Coxsackie, polio, measles, Semliki-Forest); antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antispasmodic (guinea pig ileum, rabbit aorta, for 8 (14) ,15-sandaracopimaradiene-7alpha,18-diol); uterine muscle relaxation (non-pregnant guinea pig); smooth muscle relaxation (guinea pig ileum); no skeletal muscle relaxation (toad rectus abdominis); no hypertensive (rabbit); no hypotensive (rabbit); toxicity (mouse, for root and fruit); no toxicity (mouse, for leaf or stem); no insecticidal; no acaricidal
Tulbaghia alliacea L. f.
Tulbaghia capensis L.
Alliaceae Tulbaghia no data fresh or dried subterranean organs; colour cream; odour very strong sulphurous; texture crisp fleshy no data antimicrobial (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus); cytotoxicity (Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no markedly cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero); no antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)
Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov. Canellaceae Warburgia Warburgia breyeri Pott.
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague
Chibaca salutaris Bertl. f.
dried bark; colour grey-brown when young, grey-brown to cream-brown when older; odour aromatic; taste bitter and peppery tannins; mannitol; drimane sesquiterpenes (e.g. warburganal, polygodial, salutarisolide, muzigadial, ugandensidial, isopolygodial, mukaadial) antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida utilis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, for warburganal, for polygodial, for muzigadial); insect antifeedant (for drimane sesquiterpene); skin irritant (for drimane sesquiterpene); haemolytic (for warburganal); enhancement (actinomycin D, rifampicin, for polygodial); toxicity; no antimalarial; cytotoxicity (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS, for warburganal); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1); no antigiardiasis (Giardia lamblia); molluscicidal (Bulinus africanus, for drimane sesquiterpene)
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