&&agathosmabetulina.pdf&&Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f.<br/>Hartogia betulina Berg.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene, rutin, diosmin, menthone, isomenthone, (psi) -diosphenol, diosphenol, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one&&weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema)

&&agathosmacrenulata.pdf&&Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans&&Rutaceae&&Barosma crenulata Hook.<br/>Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry&&limonene, menthone, isomenthone, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one&&no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2); weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum)

&&arctopusechinatus.pdf&&Arctopus echinatus L.&&Apiaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry&&saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid)&&no data

&&artemisiaafra.pdf&&Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.&&Asteraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter&&saponins, tannins, triterpenes (e.g. alpha- and beta-amyrin, friedelin), alkanes ceryl cerotinate, n-nonacosane, 2 luteolin methyl ethers, sesquiterpene lactones (10 guaianolides and 5 glaucolides), alpha- and beta-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha-pinene&&antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)

&&asclepfruit.pdf&&Asclepias fruticosa L.&&Asclepiadaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter&&glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid)&&uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli)

&&ballotafric.pdf&&Ballota africana (L.) Benth.&&Lamiaceae&&Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy&&saponins, tannins, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin), flavonoids, pyrrolidine-type alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)

&&buddlejasaligna.pdf&&Buddleja saligna Willd.&&Buddlejaceae&&Chilianthus olearaceus Burch.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids&&no data

&&bulbinefrut.pdf&&Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd.&&Asphodelaceae&&Bulbine caulescens L<br/>Bulbine rostrata Willd.&&fresh leaves&&knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis)

&&carpobrotacina.pdf&&Carpobrotus acinaciformis L.&&Aizoaceae&&Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus<br/>Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acids, malic acid, mesembrine&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1)

&&carpobrotedu.pdf&&Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol.&&Aizoaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent&&citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside), ferulic acid, catechol tannins&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&chironbac.pdf&&Chironia baccifera L.&&Gentianaceae&&no data&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh&&saponins, tannins, secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside), triterpene, oleanolic acid&&no data

&&cissampcap.pdf&&Cissampelos capensis L. f.&&Menispermaceae&&Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels<br/>Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels<br/>Cissampelos fruticosa L.f.<br/>Cissampelos humilis Poir.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft&&alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine), diterpene, triterpene&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&cliffortfer.pdf&&Cliffortia ferruginea L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh.<br/>Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

&&cliffortodor.pdf&&Cliffortia odorata L. f.&&Rosaceae&&Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb.<br/>Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv.&&fresh or dried overground parts; colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery&&saponins, tannins, triterpen&&brine shrimp lethality; antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&conyzascab.pdf&&Conyza scabrida DC.&&Asteraceae&&Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less.<br/>Baccharis ivaefolia L.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic, printziaic acid and derivatives)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus)

&&cotyledorbic.pdf&&Cotyledon orbiculata L.&&Crassulaceae&&no data&&fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy&&orbicusides A-C, tyledoside D&&no data

&&dodanaugust.pdf&&Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.&&Sapindaceae&&Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk.<br/>Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder<br/>Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery&&saponins, tannins, quinones, triterpene, diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid), flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'-(3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone), flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin)&&brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat)

&&elytraprhino.pdf&&Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less.&&Asteraceae&&Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f.&&fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, rhinocerotinoic acid&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic

&&eriocephafric.pdf&&Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus. (Cass.)&&Asteraceae&&Eriocephalus paniculatus Cass.<br/>Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic&&tannins, sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a, 11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane, ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol&&antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality

&&eucleundulata.pdf&&Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern&&Ebenaceae&&Euclea myrtina Burch.<br/>Euclea undulata Thunb.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, triterpenoids, aliphatics, napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin), &&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&geraniumincan.pdf&&Geranium incanum Burm. f.&&Geraniaceae&&Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard et Burtt<br/>Geranium multifidum Sweet&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft&&saponins, tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin)&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1)

&&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm<br/>Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&antiinflammatory (rat, mouse, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic

&&helichryspat.pdf&&Helichrysum patulum (L.) D. Don&&Asteraceae&&Gnaphalium patulum L.<br/>Helichrysum crispum (L). D. Don var. citrinum Harv.<br/>Helichrysum crispum auct. non (L.) D. Don&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour grey; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft&&tannins, flavonoids, diterpenes, acylphloroglucinol, alpha-pyrone, sesquiterpenes (e.g. labdane derivatives)&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&helichryspetiolar.pdf&&Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard et Burtt&&Asteraceae&&Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft&&flavonoids, phloroglucinol derivatives (e.g. caespitin), sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, alpha-humulene), alpha-pyrone derivatives, diterpenes&&brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)

&&hippiafrut.pdf&&Hippia frutescens (L.) L.&&Asteraceae&&Tanacetum frutescens L.&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour bright green; odour aromatic; texture soft hairy&&saponins, tannins, alkaloids, camphor, trans beta-farnesene, linalool, linalool acetate, terpenen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol&&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis or Candida albicans)

&&hypoxisradix.pdf&&Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey.&&Hypoxidaceae&&Hypoxis rooperi S. Moore&&fresh or dried sliced corm; colour brown-black externally, bright yellow internally when freshly cut, darkening rapidly&&hypoxoside, beta-sitosterol, sterolins, monoterpene glycosides, cytokinins (e.g. zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin glucoside)&&antimutagenic; no toxicity (mouse, rabbit); no foetotoxic (mouse); no teratogenic (mouse); no cytotoxic (CA-9KB); no antitumour (mouse)

&&leonotleon.pdf&&Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.&&Lamiaceae&&Phlomis leonurus L.<br/>Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. var. albiflor&&dried aerial parts; colour bright yellow-green; odour characteristic aromatic, pungent; texture rough&&saponins, tannins, quinones, alkaloids, triterpene steroids, diterpenoid labdane lactones (e.g. premarrubiin, marrubiin)&&antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); no antiamoebic; no molluscicidal (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus truncatus); anticonvulsant (mouse); no antiphage (MS2, PHI-CHI-174, T-7, T2, T4, OPS7); antifertility (rat); uterotonic; antiimplantation; no brine shrimp lethality

&&leonotocym.pdf&&Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson&&Lamiaceae&&Phlomis ocymifolia Burm. f.&&leaves and smaller stems; colour bright green when fresh; odour characteristic aromatic; texture soft&&saponins, tannins, alkaloids, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. leonitin)&&no data

&&leysergnaph.pdf&&Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L.&&Asteraceae&&Asteropterus dinteri Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus gnaphalodes (L.) Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus gracilis Rothm.<br/>Asteropterus incanus Rothm.<br/>Callisia gnaphalodes L.<br/>Leysera incana Thunb.<br/>Leysera tenuifolia Salisb.&&fresh or dried leaves and stems; colour grey; odour aromatic; texture soft&&tannins, alkaloids, triterpenes (e.g. oleanolic acid), benzofuran derivatives, diterpenes (e.g. labdane, kaurene derivatives)&&no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans)

&&lobostemfrut.pdf&&Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) Buek&&Boraginaceae&&Echium fruticosum L.<br/>Echium obovatum (DC.) I. M. Johnston<br/>Lobostemon lasiophyllus DC.&&fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour blue-green; odour no perceptible; texture rough-leathery&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, polysaccharides&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis)