Index:PSA/Medicinal
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&&eriocephafric.pdf&&Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus. (Cass.)&&Asteraceae&&Eriocephalus paniculatus Cass.<br/>Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic&&tannins, sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a, 11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane, ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol&&antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality | &&eriocephafric.pdf&&Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus. (Cass.)&&Asteraceae&&Eriocephalus paniculatus Cass.<br/>Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC.&&fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic&&tannins, sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a, 11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane, ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol&&antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality | ||
&&eucleundulata.pdf&&Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern&&Ebenaceae&&Euclea myrtina Burch.<br/>Euclea undulata Thunb.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, triterpenoids, aliphatics, napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin), &&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | &&eucleundulata.pdf&&Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern&&Ebenaceae&&Euclea myrtina Burch.<br/>Euclea undulata Thunb.&&fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent&&saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, triterpenoids, aliphatics, napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin), &&antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | ||
| − | + | &&galeniaafric.pdf&&Galenia africana L.&&Aizoaceae&&Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic&&alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | |
| − | &&Aizoaceae&&Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic&&alkaloids&&no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) | + | |
&&geraniumincan.pdf&&Geranium incanum Burm. f.&&Geraniaceae&&Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard et Burtt<br/>Geranium multifidum Sweet&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft&&saponins, tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin)&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) | &&geraniumincan.pdf&&Geranium incanum Burm. f.&&Geraniaceae&&Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard et Burtt<br/>Geranium multifidum Sweet&&fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft&&saponins, tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin)&&weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) | ||
| − | + | &&gunnerapers.pdf&&Gunnera perpensa L.&&Gunneraceae&&no data&&fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy&&celastrin&&uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) | |
| − | + | ||
&&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm<br/>Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic | &&harpogoradix.pdf&&Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner&&Pedaliaceae&&Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm<br/>Harpagophytum burchellii Decne.<br/>Uncaria procumbens Burch&&dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter&&Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol)&&antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Revision as of 16:36, 2 April 2012
| General Index | Orders | Families | Image Links | Edibility |
Medicinal Plants of South Africa by South African National Biodiversity Institute
| PSA Page | Family | Genus (our page) |
Synonyms | Parts used | Major chemical constituents | Bioactivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agathosma betulina (Berg.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma betulina Bartl. and Wendl. f. Hartogia betulina Berg. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene, rutin, diosmin, menthone, isomenthone, (psi) -diosphenol, diosphenol, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum); no antiviral (Herpes Type 2, Influenza A2, Poliovirus II, Vaccinia); no cytotoxic (HeLa); antimutagenic (ethyl methanesulphonate, amino anthracene); antiinflammatory (rat paw oedema) |
| Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans | Rutaceae | Agathosma | Barosma crenulata Hook. Barosma serratifolia (Vent.) Willd. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour highly aromatic; texture soft when fresh, leathery when dry | limonene, menthone, isomenthone, pulegone, isopulegone, cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one | no cytoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1, Coxsackie B2); weak antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae); no antimicrobial (Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa); smooth muscle spasmogenic (guinea pig ileum) |
| Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. et Zeyh. | Apiaceae | Alepidea | no data | fresh or dried rhizome and root; colour russet-brown externally; odour pleasant aromatic; texture crisp resinous) | kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | antimicrobial; antihypertensive; diuretic (rat); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antiviral (HSV-1); antiviral (Cocksackie B2) |
| Arctopus echinatus L. | Apiaceae | Arctopus | no data | fresh or dried sliced root; odour pleasant aromatic; texture pliable when fresh, brittle when dry | saponins, reducing sugars, kaurene-type diterpenes (e.g. ent-16-kaurene-19-oic acid) | no data |
| Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. | Asteraceae | Artemisia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts (material comprising leaves, smaller stems, and flowers); colour grey; odour highly aromatic; taste extremely bitter | saponins, tannins, triterpenes (e.g. alpha- and beta-amyrin, friedelin), alkanes ceryl cerotinate, n-nonacosane, 2 luteolin methyl ethers, sesquiterpene lactones (10 guaianolides and 5 glaucolides), alpha- and beta-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, alpha-pinene | antihistaminic; narcotic analgesic; antioxidant (beta-carotene, linoleic acid); weak antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum); antitumour (mouse); antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmat, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae); antinematodal (Caenorhabditis elegans); antiamoebic (Entamoeba histolytica); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); no antihypertensive (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
| Asclepias fruticosa L. | Asclepiadaceae | Asclepias | no data | fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; colour light yellow-green; odour faint; taste bitter | glycosides of the cardenolide, pregnanes type (e.g. 17beta-hydroxygomphoside), monosaccharides (e.g. digitoxose, olivose, cymarose, oleandrose and deoxyallose), monosaccharides with cinnamic acids (e.g. sinapic acid) | uterotonic; cardiotonic; antihypertensive; no decongestant; no analgesic; no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
| Ballota africana (L.) Benth. | Lamiaceae | Ballota | Marrubium africanum (L.) Benth | fresh or dried overground parts (material comprising leaves, smaller stems together with occasional flowers and fruits); colour deep green; odour pleasant aromatic; texture rough-hairy | saponins, tannins, labdane type diterpene lactones (e.g. ballotenone, premarrubiin), flavonoids, pyrrolidine-type alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
| Buddleja saligna Willd. | Buddlejaceae | Buddleja | Chilianthus olearaceus Burch. | fresh or dried leaves; colour grey-green; odour faint pleasant; texture leathery | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phenylpropanoid glycosides (e.g. verbascoside), lignans, neolignans, alkaloids, iridoids, acetylated iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids | no data |
| Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. | Asphodelaceae | Bulbine | Bulbine caulescens L Bulbine rostrata Willd. |
fresh leaves | knipholone, isoknipholone, gaboroquinone A and B, demethylknipholone glucoside | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillis subtilis) |
| Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus |
fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acids, malic acids | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antibacteriophage (MS2, PHI-X0174, T-7, T2, T4, Type1) |
| Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bol. | Aizoaceae | Carpobrotus | no data | fresh or dried leaves; colour dull green when fresh, brittle pale green when dry; taste sour and astringent | citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids (e.g. rutin, neohesperidin, hyperoside), ferulic acid, catechol tannins | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis); no antimicrobial (Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
| Chironia baccifera L. | Gentianaceae | Chironia | no data | fresh or dried aerial parts (bundles of fresh or dried twigs, often with flowers and fruit); colour bright green-yellow; odour faint biter-aromatic; texture soft when fresh | saponins, tannins, secoiridoids (e.g. chironioside, eustomoside, gentiopicroside), triterpene, oleanolic acid | no data |
| Cissampelos capensis L. f. | Menispermaceae | Cissampelos | Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels Antizoma capensis (L.f.) Diels var. pulverulenta (harv.) Diels Cissampelos fruticosa L.f. Cissampelos humilis Poir. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour light green; odour faint characteristic; texture thin and soft | alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline (e.g. tubocurarine, cissampareine), diterpene, triterpene | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
| Cliffortia ferruginea L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia berberidifolia Lam. Cliffortia ferruginea var. flexuosa (E.Mey.) Harv. Cliffortia ferruginea var. latifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. longifolia Eckl. et Zeyh. Cliffortia ferruginea var. villosa Harv. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour faint aromatic; texture leathery | saponins, tannins | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) |
| Cliffortia odorata L. f. | Rosaceae | Cliffortia | Cliffortia alnifolia Reichenb. Cliffortia odorata L. f. var. vera Harv. |
fresh or dried overground parts (bundles of air-dried material, comprising mainly leaves and occasional flowers); colour dull green; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture leathery | saponins, tannins, triterpen | brine shrimp lethality; antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
| Conyza scabrida DC. | Asteraceae | Conyza | Conyza ivifolia (L.) Less. Baccharis ivaefolia L. |
fresh or dried leaves and smaller stems; odour pleasantly aromatic; texture soft | saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, diterpene acids (e.g. conyscabraic acid, hautriwaic acid, nidoresedaic, printziaic acid and derivatives) | no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosus) |
| Cotyledon orbiculata L. | Crassulaceae | Cotyledon | no data | fresh leaves; colour bright green to grey-green often with characteristic red margin; odour faint, texture fleshy | orbicusides A-C, tyledoside D | no data |
| Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. | Sapindaceae | Dodonaea | Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. Dodonaea thunbergiana Radlk. var. linearis Sonder Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia Benth. |
fresh or dried flowering tops; colour yellow-green when young; odour faintly aromatic;texture soft to leathery | saponins, tannins, quinones, triterpene, diterpenoid acids (e.g. hautriwaic acid, dodonic acid), flavones (e.g. santin, penduletin, aliarin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'-(3-hydroxymethylbutyl) -3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone), flavanones (e.g. pinocembrin) | brine shrimp lethality; no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); analgesic (mouse); antipyretic (rat) |
| Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less. | Asteraceae | Elytropappus | Stoebe rhinocerotis L. f. | fresh or dried young tops; colour grey-green; odour distinctive aromatic; taste bitter | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, rhinocerotinoic acid | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); antihypoglycaemic |
| Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus. (Cass.) | Asteraceae | Eriocephalus | Eriocephalus paniculatus Cass. Eriocephalus umbellulatus DC. |
fresh or dried flowering tops; odour highly aromatic | tannins, sesquiterpene lactones of the eudesmanolide type (e.g. 4a, 11-dihydroxy-eudesmane, 11-OH-5a-hydroperoxy-eudesmane, ivangustin), dehydrofalcarinol | antispasmodic; weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans); brine shrimp lethality |
| Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern | Ebenaceae | Euclea | Euclea myrtina Burch. Euclea undulata Thunb. |
fresh or dried leaves; colour foliage pale green when young, becoming darker green; odour faint pleasant; texture rough-leathery; taste intensely astringent | saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, triterpenoids, aliphatics, napthoquinones (e.g. 7-methyl-juglone, diospyrin, isodiospyrin), | antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
| Galenia africana L. | Aizoaceae | Galenia | Galenia namaensis auct. non Schinz | fresh or dried aerial parts; colour yellow to yellow green; odour faintly aromatic | alkaloids | no antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis) |
| Geranium incanum Burm. f. | Geraniaceae | Geranium | Geranium incanum Burm. f. var. multifidum (Sweet) Hilliard et Burtt Geranium multifidum Sweet |
fresh or dried aerial parts; colour silver-grey; odour aromatic, texture soft | saponins, tannins (e.g. gallitannin, geraniin) | weak antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus); no antimicrobial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis); cytotoxic (HeLa, Vero, Jurkat E6.1, AA-2, CEM-SS); antiviral (Coxsackie B2, HSV-1) |
| Gunnera perpensa L. | Gunneraceae | Gunnera | no data | fresh or dried rhizome; colour dark brown externally, cream todark pink internally; odour faint; texture hard to fleshy | celastrin | uterotonic (rat); no antimicrobial (Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) |
| Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meissner | Pedaliaceae | Harpagophytum | Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. transvaalense Ihlenf. et H. Hartm Harpagophytum burchellii Decne. Uncaria procumbens Burch |
dried sliced secondary tubers; colour light brown, often with a greenish tinge; odour faint; taste very bitter | Iridoid glycosides (e.g. cinnamyl ester of harpagide harpagide, procumbide), sugars (e.g. stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, monosaccharides), triterpenoids (e.g. oleanolic acid, 3beta-acetyl oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), phytosterols (e.g. beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), aromatic acids (e.g. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g. luteolin, kaempferol) | antiinflammatory (rat, mouce, human); cardiovascular; antiarrhythmic |
