Category:CD

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{{Huge|Crude Drugs (生薬)}}
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{{Huge|Kampo/Crude Drug Wiki}} &nbsp;&nbsp; <big>(漢方・生薬Wiki)</big>
 
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__TOC__
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<center>
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<big>{{Bilingual|メ ニ ュ ー|M e n u}}</big>
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</center>
 
{{CrudeDrug/Header}}
 
{{CrudeDrug/Header}}
  
<big>Still Under Construction</big>
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=={{Bilingual|漢方|Kampo Medicine}}==
=Kampo Medicine=
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==={{Bilingual|漢方はChinese Medicineではない|Kampo is not Chinese Medicine}}===
by 有田正規
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{|
===What is Kampo?===
+
|
 
{{Twocolumn|
 
{{Twocolumn|
 
;Kampo is not TCM
 
;Kampo is not TCM
"Kampo", or ''ancient Chinese (medical) art'' if literally translated, is the Japan's assimilated version of [[Index:TCM|Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM). It was already organized as a system in the 16th century and has been refined in a Japanese tradition since. Its notable difference from TCM is that '''Kampo is formulated in the unitary medical system with European Medicine'''. It is neither complementary nor alternate medicine in Japan.
+
"Kampo", or ''ancient Chinese'' () ''art'' (方) if literally translated, is the Japan's assimilated version of [[Index:TCM|Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM). It was already organized as a system in the 16th century and has been refined in a Japanese tradition since. Its notable difference from TCM is '''the formulation in the unitary medical system with European Medicine'''. It is neither complementary nor alternate medicine in Japan.
 +
<br/>
 +
In the WHO document, Kampo is defined as "the medicine traditionally practiced in Japan, based on ancient Chinese medicine". We might call it "the traditional Japanese medicine" but this expression should include acupuncture and moxibustion treatment and is a larger concept than Kampo.
 
|
 
|
;漢方は日本固有の医療
+
;日本固有の医療としての漢方
漢方(文字通りでは漢の医方)とは日本が[[Index:TCM|伝統中医学]](TCM)を消化したものです。16世紀には既に医術として確立し独自の発展を遂げてきました。TCMとの顕著な違いは'''漢方は西洋薬と同じ枠組みの中で処方される'''という点です。日本において漢方は補完代替医療ではありません。
+
「漢方」(文字通りでは漢の医方)は日本が[[Index:TCM|伝統中医学]](TCM)を独自に発展させたもので、16世紀には既に医術として確立していたようです。言葉自体は西洋医学(蘭方)に対する言葉として江戸時代中期に使われ始めました。TCMとの顕著な違いは'''漢方は西洋薬と同じ枠組みの中で処方される'''という点です。日本において漢方はいわゆる代替医療ではなく、西洋医療と対立する概念でもありません。
 +
<br/>
 +
世界保健機構(WHO)の用語集で漢方は「古代中国の医薬に基づいて日本で伝統的に使われる医薬」と定義されています。英訳として"the traditional Japanese medicine"としてしまうと鍼灸を含んでしまうため、英語訳には注意が必要です。
 
}}
 
}}
* [http://www.kaim.us/special_TOC.html Special Issue ''Current Kampo Medicine'']
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|
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[[Image:Crudedrug.jpg|thumb|{{Bilingual|漢方医の携行用薬箱 文久2年(1862) [http://www.eisai.co.jp/museum/information/event/exhibition/muse18-2.html 内藤記念くすり博物館より許可を得て転載]|Portable Medicine Cabinet (Edo era; 1862) Reproduced with permission from [http://www.eisai.co.jp/museum/english/ Naito Museum of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry]}}]]
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|}
  
===一般用漢方製剤承認基準===
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==={{Bilingual|なぜ漢方というか?|Why do we care Chinese or Japanese medicine?}}===
 +
{|
 +
|valign="top"|
 
{{Twocolumn|
 
{{Twocolumn|
;Standards for Kampo Formulas
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Are we sensitive as to whether Kampo is Japanese or Chinese?
In early 1970, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/English Health, Labor and Welfare]) summarized the byelaw published as "Guideline for General Kampo Formulas" (Edited by MHW and the committee in [http://www.fpmaj.gr.jp/ FPMAJ], Published by Jiho), which has been known as the 210 formulas for 30 years. In 2008, it underwent a significant revision and 213 formulas are listed as "Standards of Approval for the Kampo Formulation".
+
Western medicine is based on chemical structures, and each structure is (or was) patented. In this sense, their origin is clear. On the other hand, traditional (especially herbal) medicine is one major intellectual-property issue related to biological diversity. It is therefore important to clarify origins and install an appropriate international standard.
 
|
 
|
;漢方処方の基準
+
漢方の英訳は、ChineseでしょうかJapaneseでしょうか。
1970年代初頭に厚生省(現[http://www.mhlw.go.jp/ 厚生労働省])が定めた内規は「一般用漢方処方の手引き」(厚生省薬務局監修、[http://www.fpmaj.gr.jp/ 日本製薬団体連合会]漢方専門委員会編、薬業時報社発行)という書籍に掲載され、210処方の名称でおよそ30年間流通しました。平成20年に大幅な見直しが行われ、「一般用漢方製剤承認基準」として213処方が定められています。
+
西洋薬は化合物に基づくため、それぞれの構造には特許が申請されていて、権利の帰属が明らかです。
 +
それに対して、伝統医薬の知的財産権は生物多様性の議論の中でも大きな問題になっています。
 +
このため、伝統医薬の起源を明らかにし、適切な国際標準化をおこなうことが大切です。
 
}}
 
}}
===210処方から213処方へ===
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<!---
<table width="100%">
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{{Twocolumn|
<tr><td width=45%>
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Let us consider the invention of general anesthetic. Hanaoka Seishu (Japan) succeeded in breast cancer surgery (with clear records) under general anesthesia with Kampo medicine in 1804 (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaoka_Seish%C5%AB Wikipedia]).
;'''Differences in the new 213 Formulas'''
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: [[Kampo:Hachimishoyosan|Hachimishoyosan]] &rarr; integrated with Shoyosan
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: [[Kampo:Jippiin|Jippiin]] &rarr; integrated with Bunshoto
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: [[Kampo:Daisaikotokyodaio|Daisaikotokyodaio]] &rarr; added
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: [[Kampo:Otsujitokyodaio|Otsujitokyodaio]] &rarr; added
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: [[Kampo:Jizusoippokyodaio|Jizusoippokyodaio]] &rarr; added
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: [[Kampo:Anchusankabukuryo|Anchusankabukuryo]] &rarr; added
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: [[Kampo:San'osan|San'osan]] &rarr; added
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<td width=45%>
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;'''210処方と新基準(213処方)の違い'''
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: [[Kampo:Hachimishoyosan|八味逍遙散]] &rarr; 210処方では別項目だった逍遙散の別名とする
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: [[Kampo:Jippiin|実脾飲]] &rarr; 210処方でも同項目だった分消湯の別名とする
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: [[Kampo:Daisaikotokyodaio|大柴胡湯去大黄]] &rarr; 追加
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: [[Kampo:Otsujitokyodaio|乙字湯去大黄]] &rarr; 追加
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: [[Kampo:Jizusoippokyodaio|治頭瘡一方去大黄]] &rarr; 追加
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: [[Kampo:Anchusankabukuryo|安中散加茯苓]] &rarr; 追加
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: [[Kampo:San'osan|三黄散]] &rarr; 追加
+
</tr></table>
+
  
 +
Historically, however, Hua Tuo in ancient China (ca. AD 145-220?) was believed to have invented general anesthesic ''Ma fei san'' and performed abdominal section. The credibility of this episode in the 3rd-century Sanguozhi (三國志 "Records of Three Kingdoms") and 5th-century Hou Hanshu (後漢書 "Book of the Later Han") is detailed in a Wikipedia article of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Tuo Hua Tuo].
 +
|
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例として、全身麻酔の開発者について考えてみます。
 +
華岡青洲は文化元年(1804年)、漢方処方で全身麻酔を成功させました([http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%B2%A1%E9%9D%92%E6%B4%B2 Wikipedia] 参照)。しかし、麻沸散と呼ばれる類似処方による麻酔を最初に開発し、腹部切開手術をしたのは華佗 (紀元145-220?) とも言われています。
 +
その処方および三國志、後漢書といった歴史書の信憑性については、英語版のWikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Tuo Hua Tuo] で詳しく論じられています。
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}}
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--->
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;{{Bilingual|用語のまとめ|Summary}} ([[Index:CDterminology|{{Bilingual|詳細|more detail}}]])
 +
{{Twocolumn|
 +
* '''Kampo''' Medicine <br/> Mixed recipes of crude drugs in Japanese distinct style, originally based on classic literature such as "Shokanron" and "Kinkiyoryaku" from ancient China.
 +
* '''TCM''': Traditional Chinese Medicine<br/> Mixed recipes of crude drugs in China. It is more flexible depending on patients' conditions and uses hundreds of raw materials from plants as well as animal origins.
 +
* '''Folk''' Medicine <br/> Usually single crude drugs used by tradition or hunch. 
 +
|
 +
* '''漢方薬''' <br/> 中国の古典[[Doc:Honzo|「傷寒論」「金匱要略」]]から日本独自の発展を遂げた、複数生薬の配合処方。葛根湯や安中散を含みます。([[Persist:CrudeDrugList|生薬一覧]])
 +
* '''中薬''' (または中医薬) <br/> 同様に中国で発展した生薬配合。患者に応じた処方の変化が大きく、利用する動植物も数百に及びます。ヤモリの黒焼きなどもあります。([[Index:TCM|中薬一覧]])
 +
* '''民間薬''' <br/> 伝承や勘に基づいた、単一生薬の処方。センブリやドクダミ、ゲンノショウコが有名。
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}}
  
* [http://search.e-gov.go.jp/servlet/Public?CLASSNAME=Pcm1030&btnDownload=yes&hdnSeqno=0000046663 一般用漢方製剤承認基準] (PDF by MHLW)
+
|
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[[Image:HanaokaSeishu.gif|thumb|{{Bilingual|華岡青洲 彼が考案し現在も処方されるものに[[Kampo:Shiunko|紫雲膏]]、[[Kampo:Chuoko|中黄膏]]、[[Kampo:Jumihaidokuto|十味排毒湯]]。画像はWikipedia。|Some of his recipes are still officially approved and used: [[Kampo:Shiunko|Shiunko]], [[Kampo:Chuoko|Chuoko]], and [[Kampo:Jumihaidokuto|Jumihaidokuto]]. Picture is from Wikipedia.}}]]
  
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[[Image:Kakkonto.jpg|thumb|{{Bilingual|葛根湯のレシピ ([[Kampo:Kakkonto|詳細]])|Recipe for "Kakkonto", or pueralia root decoction ([[Kampo:Kakkonto|''More'']])}}]]
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|}
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=={{Bilingual|漢方の標準 <small>(一般用漢方製剤承認基準)</small>|Kampo Standards}}==
 +
==={{Bilingual|漢方処方の新基準|The New Standards for Kampo Formulas}}===
  
=Japanese Pharmacopoeia=
 
 
{{Twocolumn|
 
{{Twocolumn|
; Crude Drugs in Kampo Medicine
+
In early 1970, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/English Health, Labor and Welfare]) summarized the byelaw published as "Guideline for General Kampo Formulas" (Edited by MHW and the committee in [http://www.fpmaj.gr.jp/ FPMAJ], Published by Jiho), which has been known as 'The 210 formulas' for 30 years.  In 2008, it underwent a significant revision and 213 formulas are listed as "Standards of Approval for the Kampo Formulation". The difference is introduced [[Doc:薬局方新基準|here]] (in Japanese).
In addition to Western medicines, over 150 crude drugs are listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. On this website, their details are introduced with links to available Kampo formulas.
+
 
|
 
|
; 漢方に使われる生薬
+
1970年代初頭に厚生省(現[http://www.mhlw.go.jp/ 厚生労働省])が定めた内規は「一般用漢方処方の手引き」(厚生省薬務局監修、[http://www.fpmaj.gr.jp/ 日本製薬団体連合会]漢方専門委員会編、薬業時報社発行)という書籍に掲載され、「210処方」の名称でおよそ30年間流通しました。平成20年に大幅な見直しが行われ、「一般用漢方製剤承認基準」として213処方が定められました。
日本薬局方には西洋薬に加えて150以上の生薬が登録されています。このサイトでは各生薬について利用される漢方処方等の詳細を紹介しています。
+
 
}}
 
}}
  
* [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/index.html 日本薬局方15改正] (PDF by MHLW)
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==={{Bilingual|日本薬局方|Japanese Pharmacopoeia}}===
* [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/english.html Japanese Pharmacopoeia] (English version by MHLW)
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{{Twocolumn|
 +
(Japanese) Pharmacopoeia is a book with legal force containing directions to identify and qualify medicinal compounds that may be used in Japan.
 +
Its revision process therefore requires utmost attention.
 +
Since it is a legal document, there are some side effects such as for the scientific name of [[Species:Cinnamomum|Cinnamon]].
 +
|
 +
薬局方は、日本国内で使われる医薬品の適正な品質や検査方法を記した法律です。
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法律なので改訂にも大きな注意が払われます。
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例えば[[Species:Cinnamomum|シナモンの学名]]のように、法律ならではの制約も存在します。
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}}
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 +
;Details (only in Japanese)
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{{GenerateIndex|Doc|薬局方新基準}}
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=={{Bilingual|このサイトについて|about this site}}==
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==={{Bilingual|生薬情報|Crude Drug Information}}===
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{{Twocolumn|
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In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, around 160 crude drugs are listed. This site introduces  [[Persist:CrudeDrugList|their details]] with links to available [[Persist:KampoList|Kampo formulas]].
 +
|
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本サイトは日本薬局方に掲載されるおよそ[[Persist:CrudeDrugList|160の生薬]]に加え、各生薬について利用される[[Persist:KampoList|漢方処方]]等の詳細を紹介しています。
 +
}}
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==={{Bilingual|文献情報|Literature Information}}===
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{{Twocolumn|
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This site contains {{#countTitle:_*|KampoReference}} article information on Kampo formulas. They are listed at the bottom of each page for Kampo prescription.
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|
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このサイトには {{#countTitle:_*|KampoReference}} 件の文献情報も収録されています。
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漢方処方のページ下部に関係する文献がリストされています。
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}}
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==={{Bilingual|市場流通品、理化学試験、生産情報|Availability, Production Methods, Examinations}}===
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* By [[Index:Tochimoto| {{#ifeq:{{#var:LANG}}|ja|栃本天海堂|Tochimoto Tenkaido Co. Ltd.}}]]
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==={{Bilingual|画像ギャラリー|Image Gallery}}===
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* By [[Index:Alps-Pharm| {{#ifeq:{{#var:LANG}}|ja|アルプス薬品工業|Alps Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Ltd.}}]]
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* By [[Index:NTS| {{#ifeq:{{#var:LANG}}|ja|株式会社エヌ・ティー・エス|NTS Book Inc.}}]]
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==={{Bilingual|学会情報|Society Information}}===
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{{Twocolumn|
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* [http://www.kaim.us/special_TOC.html Special Issue ''Current Kampo Medicine'']
 +
|
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* [http://www.jsom.or.jp/html/index.htm 日本東洋医学会]
 +
* [http://www.wakan-iyaku.gr.jp/index2.html 和漢医薬学会]
 +
}}

Latest revision as of 12:49, 1 September 2016

Kampo/Crude Drug Wiki    (漢方・生薬Wiki)

Contents

M e n u

Crude-drug Top
Gallery
General Index Names Prescriptions Books Journals Terminology Chinese Medicines


[edit] Kampo Medicine

[edit] Kampo is not Chinese Medicine

Kampo is not TCM
"Kampo", or ancient Chinese (漢) art (方) if literally translated, is the Japan's assimilated version of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It was already organized as a system in the 16th century and has been refined in a Japanese tradition since. Its notable difference from TCM is the formulation in the unitary medical system with European Medicine. It is neither complementary nor alternate medicine in Japan.
In the WHO document, Kampo is defined as "the medicine traditionally practiced in Japan, based on ancient Chinese medicine". We might call it "the traditional Japanese medicine" but this expression should include acupuncture and moxibustion treatment and is a larger concept than Kampo.

Portable Medicine Cabinet (Edo era; 1862) Reproduced with permission from Naito Museum of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry

[edit] Why do we care Chinese or Japanese medicine?

Are we sensitive as to whether Kampo is Japanese or Chinese? Western medicine is based on chemical structures, and each structure is (or was) patented. In this sense, their origin is clear. On the other hand, traditional (especially herbal) medicine is one major intellectual-property issue related to biological diversity. It is therefore important to clarify origins and install an appropriate international standard.

Summary (more detail)

  • Kampo Medicine
    Mixed recipes of crude drugs in Japanese distinct style, originally based on classic literature such as "Shokanron" and "Kinkiyoryaku" from ancient China.
  • TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine
    Mixed recipes of crude drugs in China. It is more flexible depending on patients' conditions and uses hundreds of raw materials from plants as well as animal origins.
  • Folk Medicine
    Usually single crude drugs used by tradition or hunch.

Some of his recipes are still officially approved and used: Shiunko, Chuoko, and Jumihaidokuto. Picture is from Wikipedia.
Recipe for "Kakkonto", or pueralia root decoction (More)

[edit] Kampo Standards

[edit] The New Standards for Kampo Formulas

In early 1970, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now Health, Labor and Welfare) summarized the byelaw published as "Guideline for General Kampo Formulas" (Edited by MHW and the committee in FPMAJ, Published by Jiho), which has been known as 'The 210 formulas' for 30 years. In 2008, it underwent a significant revision and 213 formulas are listed as "Standards of Approval for the Kampo Formulation". The difference is introduced here (in Japanese).

[edit] Japanese Pharmacopoeia

(Japanese) Pharmacopoeia is a book with legal force containing directions to identify and qualify medicinal compounds that may be used in Japan. Its revision process therefore requires utmost attention. Since it is a legal document, there are some side effects such as for the scientific name of Cinnamon.

Details (only in Japanese)


[edit] about this site

[edit] Crude Drug Information

In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, around 160 crude drugs are listed. This site introduces their details with links to available Kampo formulas.

[edit] Literature Information

This site contains 7677 article information on Kampo formulas. They are listed at the bottom of each page for Kampo prescription.

[edit] Availability, Production Methods, Examinations

[edit] Image Gallery


[edit] Society Information

Pages in category "CD"

The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total.

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